CALICUT UNIVERSITY RESULTS 2008 DECLARED
University of Calicut has declared the results for 2008. You can check the results at the official site of University of Calicut at http://www.universityofcalicut.info/
For direct link to the results page go to
http://www.universityofcalicut.info/exams/result_cnt.php
http://www.universityofcalicut.info/exams/results_start.htm
Following are the new University of Calicut results declared on August 29, 2008
III Semester B Tech/B Arch Regular/supple:/Imp:(Dec:2007)
IV Year Bachelor of Hotel Management(4/2008)
III Semester M Sc Applied Plant Science(2/2008)
VIII Semester B Tech/B Arch(June/2008)
First Semester Bachelor of Social Work (12/2007)
First Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
Third Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
First Semester MA English(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Mathematics(2/2008)
First Semester MA Islamic Studies(1/2008)
Third Semester MA Islamic Studies(2/2008)
First Semester MA Hindi(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(2/2008)
First Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(1/2008)
Tags : calicut university results, kannur university, university of calicut, calicutuniversity, orkut, universityofcalicut.info, www.universityofcalicut.info, calicutuniversity, orkut, www.drdo.org, www.drdo.org, universityofcalicut, orkut, universityofcalicut.info, calicutuniversity
Friday, August 29, 2008
Calicut University - Calicut University Results
Calicut University Examination Results-2008
University of Calicut Results
Here is the information related to the results from University of Calicut, Kerala.
Following information can be seen from the homepage of the universities website:
http://www.universityofcalicut.info/
B Sc Medical Biochemistry/Medical Microbiology/MLT Ranklist 2008-09
B Sc Nursing/Bachelor of Physiotherapy Ranklist 2008-09
BA/BCom Open Stream Entrance Examination 2008 Results
And on the results page - http://www.universityofcalicut.info/exams/results_start.htm, you can get the information on the following:
III Semester B Tech/B Arch Regular/supple:/Imp:(Dec:2007)
IV Year Bachelor of Hotel Management(4/2008)
III Semester M Sc Applied Plant Science(2/2008)
VIII Semester B Tech/B Arch(June/2008)
First Semester Bachelor of Social Work (12/2007)
First Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
Third Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
First Semester MA English(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Mathematics(2/2008)
First Semester MA Islamic Studies(1/2008)
Third Semester MA Islamic Studies(2/2008)
First Semester MA Hindi(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(2/2008)
First Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(1/2008)
Tags: calicut university,calicut university results,Calicut University Examination Results-2008
Source: http://sphurthy.blogspot.com/2008/08/calicut-university-results.html
University of Calicut Results
Here is the information related to the results from University of Calicut, Kerala.
Following information can be seen from the homepage of the universities website:
http://www.universityofcalicut.info/
B Sc Medical Biochemistry/Medical Microbiology/MLT Ranklist 2008-09
B Sc Nursing/Bachelor of Physiotherapy Ranklist 2008-09
BA/BCom Open Stream Entrance Examination 2008 Results
And on the results page - http://www.universityofcalicut.info/exams/results_start.htm, you can get the information on the following:
III Semester B Tech/B Arch Regular/supple:/Imp:(Dec:2007)
IV Year Bachelor of Hotel Management(4/2008)
III Semester M Sc Applied Plant Science(2/2008)
VIII Semester B Tech/B Arch(June/2008)
First Semester Bachelor of Social Work (12/2007)
First Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
Third Semester MA Politics(specialised in West Asian Studies)
First Semester MA English(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Mathematics(2/2008)
First Semester MA Islamic Studies(1/2008)
Third Semester MA Islamic Studies(2/2008)
First Semester MA Hindi(1/2008)
Third Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(2/2008)
First Semester MSc Polymer Chemistry(1/2008)
Tags: calicut university,calicut university results,Calicut University Examination Results-2008
Source: http://sphurthy.blogspot.com/2008/08/calicut-university-results.html
Sixth Pay Commission notification Gazette - pib.nic.in
6PC 2008
Sixth Pay Commission notification Gazette
Check it out below:-
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
Note: The pib.nic.in site is down due to heavy traffic.
Excerpt from the Report: Sixth Central Pay Commission is the first Central Pay Commission to be constituted in this century of rapid technological advances and after coming into force of the Right To Information (RTI) and Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Acts. The Government machinery, therefore, has to gear up for better performance under stricter fiscal discipline and delivery mechanisms. These imperatives are reflected in the Terms of Reference of the Sixth Central Pay Commission which made it incumbent on the Commission to recommend systemic changes for, (i) transforming the Central Government organizations into modern, professional and citizen friendly entities that are dedicated to the service of the people; and (ii) harmonizing functioning of the Central Government Organizations with the demands of the emerging global economic
scenario.
The Sixth Central Pay Commission, therefore, had not only to evolve a proper pay package for the Government employees but also to make recommendations rationalizing the governmental structure with a view to improving the delivery mechanisms for providing better services to the common man.
The Commission, in this Report, has tried to achieve these objectives through reduction of layers within the governmental structure so that decision making and delivery is expedited. In the process, a number of superfluous levels, created merely to afford channels of promotion to Government employees, have been removed. A system that primarily lays emphasis on delivery and end results and which continuously rewards performance has been put in place by incorporating features like Performance Related Incentive (PRI) and variable increments in the basic scheme of pay scales. Flexibility is also inherent in the proposed scheme of running pay bands. By incorporating systemic changes in the existing procedure of appointments, efforts have been made for ensuring a young and dynamic bureaucracy, with a result oriented approach, where the best persons available are selected for holding specific posts. While proposing these changes, the Commission has also kept in view the capacity of the Government to pay and the principle that every rupee spent on allowances, facilities and salaries of Government employees has to translate into a specific measure for public good. It is our belief that the Report will lead to a realization that it is only the ultimate outcome and delivery to the last beneficiary which will justify the huge Government edifice. The Report will, therefore, not only increase the pay and allowances of Government employees but will also prove beneficial for all the people in the country.
Tags: gazette notification 6th pay commission, 6th pay commission gazette notification, gazette notification pay commission, ministry of finance, pay commission gazette notification, pib.nic.in , www.pib.nic.in , sixth pay commission latest, sixth pay commission news,pib,dopt,ministry of finance
Source: http://pib.nic.in/ (Press Information Bureau Government of India)
Update: The URL is working fine now but the Site Homepage is still slow. !!
http://www.taazaresults.com/sixth-pay-commission-notification-gazette-pibnicin/
Sixth Pay Commission notification Gazette
Check it out below:-
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
Note: The pib.nic.in site is down due to heavy traffic.
Excerpt from the Report: Sixth Central Pay Commission is the first Central Pay Commission to be constituted in this century of rapid technological advances and after coming into force of the Right To Information (RTI) and Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Acts. The Government machinery, therefore, has to gear up for better performance under stricter fiscal discipline and delivery mechanisms. These imperatives are reflected in the Terms of Reference of the Sixth Central Pay Commission which made it incumbent on the Commission to recommend systemic changes for, (i) transforming the Central Government organizations into modern, professional and citizen friendly entities that are dedicated to the service of the people; and (ii) harmonizing functioning of the Central Government Organizations with the demands of the emerging global economic
scenario.
The Sixth Central Pay Commission, therefore, had not only to evolve a proper pay package for the Government employees but also to make recommendations rationalizing the governmental structure with a view to improving the delivery mechanisms for providing better services to the common man.
The Commission, in this Report, has tried to achieve these objectives through reduction of layers within the governmental structure so that decision making and delivery is expedited. In the process, a number of superfluous levels, created merely to afford channels of promotion to Government employees, have been removed. A system that primarily lays emphasis on delivery and end results and which continuously rewards performance has been put in place by incorporating features like Performance Related Incentive (PRI) and variable increments in the basic scheme of pay scales. Flexibility is also inherent in the proposed scheme of running pay bands. By incorporating systemic changes in the existing procedure of appointments, efforts have been made for ensuring a young and dynamic bureaucracy, with a result oriented approach, where the best persons available are selected for holding specific posts. While proposing these changes, the Commission has also kept in view the capacity of the Government to pay and the principle that every rupee spent on allowances, facilities and salaries of Government employees has to translate into a specific measure for public good. It is our belief that the Report will lead to a realization that it is only the ultimate outcome and delivery to the last beneficiary which will justify the huge Government edifice. The Report will, therefore, not only increase the pay and allowances of Government employees but will also prove beneficial for all the people in the country.
Tags: gazette notification 6th pay commission, 6th pay commission gazette notification, gazette notification pay commission, ministry of finance, pay commission gazette notification, pib.nic.in , www.pib.nic.in , sixth pay commission latest, sixth pay commission news,pib,dopt,ministry of finance
Source: http://pib.nic.in/ (Press Information Bureau Government of India)
Update: The URL is working fine now but the Site Homepage is still slow. !!
http://www.taazaresults.com/sixth-pay-commission-notification-gazette-pibnicin/
Sixth Pay Commission Notification (www.careers-india.com)
Sixth Pay Commission Gazette Notification - GOI
Government of India Sixth Pay Commission Gazette Notification
Gazette Notification on implementing 6th Pay Commission recommendations
After all the activity that has taken place in the recent days about the new salaries, pay and arrears for Central Government employees, we have now reached a stage where the Gazette notification on implementing these sixth pay commission recommendations may most probably be released before the end of this week.
The Gazette containing the sixth pay commission recommendations as accepted by the cabinet and the central government has already been submitted to the comptroller and auditor general - CAG - few days back.
Employees and pensioners of the Central Government of India, were very eager to know the details and the impact on their arrears and pay structures, lots of sites have been posting information on the new salary structures via sixth pay commission salary calculators etc. But mostly these things will become very clear once this sixth pay commission notification on recommendations is out.
PIB.nic.in is the site where you can get all the press release notifications from the government.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission Notification,6th Pay Commission Notification,Sixth Pay Commission Gazette Notification
Source: http://www.careers-india.com
Government of India Sixth Pay Commission Gazette Notification
Gazette Notification on implementing 6th Pay Commission recommendations
After all the activity that has taken place in the recent days about the new salaries, pay and arrears for Central Government employees, we have now reached a stage where the Gazette notification on implementing these sixth pay commission recommendations may most probably be released before the end of this week.
The Gazette containing the sixth pay commission recommendations as accepted by the cabinet and the central government has already been submitted to the comptroller and auditor general - CAG - few days back.
Employees and pensioners of the Central Government of India, were very eager to know the details and the impact on their arrears and pay structures, lots of sites have been posting information on the new salary structures via sixth pay commission salary calculators etc. But mostly these things will become very clear once this sixth pay commission notification on recommendations is out.
PIB.nic.in is the site where you can get all the press release notifications from the government.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission Notification,6th Pay Commission Notification,Sixth Pay Commission Gazette Notification
Source: http://www.careers-india.com
Sixth Pay Commission notification released
Sixth Pay Commission notification released
The Indian government has released the notification of the Sixth Pay Commission’s recommendation on Friday, August 29, 2008. The notification is available at pib.nic.in
The government has improved the final draft that was prepared by the union cabinet on 14th August. The complaints of varied groups of employees were taken into consideration, especially those of army officials & the irregularities were eliminated. The Union Cabinet has given its approval for implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission notification,6th Pay Commission notification,Sixth Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission
Source: dailynews365.com
The Indian government has released the notification of the Sixth Pay Commission’s recommendation on Friday, August 29, 2008. The notification is available at pib.nic.in
The government has improved the final draft that was prepared by the union cabinet on 14th August. The complaints of varied groups of employees were taken into consideration, especially those of army officials & the irregularities were eliminated. The Union Cabinet has given its approval for implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission notification,6th Pay Commission notification,Sixth Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission
Source: dailynews365.com
Sixth Pay Commission: Ex-Servicemen Commission to come on the line of Sixth Pay Commission
Ex-Servicemen Commission to come on the line of Sixth Pay Commission
New Delhi, Aug 29, 2008: It is a good news for former defence personnel. The Union government is planning to launch an Ex-Servicemen Commission on the lines of sixth Pay Commission. The announcement was made by the Indian Defence Minister AK Antony.
Several senior officials in armed forces who had been complaining that they had been given a raw deal by sixth pay commission can now have a sigh of relief. The minister said that the government has earmarked a huge amount to take care of the grouses of the sixth pay panel.
An army official while writing to Khabrein.info complains the unfair treatment to armed forces personnel. He says, “The pay commissions have always been singularly unfriendly to the men in uniform may be because our call of duty does not permit us to protest. I am a group captin with 32 years plus service and yet to be considered for my promotion because of limitations of pyramidical structure. My salary at this time is Basic pay 17350+ Rank Pay 2000+ Stagnation pay 900. Total 20250. Initially I was placed in PB 3 where I would have achieved highest of Rs 39100 within an year or so. Stagnation pays are so common to Armed Forces officers because the salary band are so narrow (suiting only IAS offices who get promoted before acquiring highest of the pay band. Not many of my civilian colleagues will believe that I reached my highest possible pay more than three years back and has to wait there till promotion board (if it ever does) comes up”.
He goes on to say, “There is a genuine need to have extended scales for armed forces. And please do not forget that I hope to retire at 56 and look desperately for second career to meet my unfinished commitments”.
This official is not the only one complaining about the unfairness of the Sixth Pay Panel towards armed forces. Even Indian Air Force chief was forced to write about it due to anomalies in pay structure.
Air Chief Marshal Fali H. Major in a letter addressed to Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Indian Navy chief says, “The finance ministry is introducing yet another anomaly by lowering the extant of parities of officers of the armed forces, of the Lt. Col. (and equivalent), by retaining them in pay band-3, while raising similarly placed civilian and paramilitary officers to pay band-4”.
IAF chief added that “It is reliably learnt that civilian and paramilitary officers in the extant pay scales S-24 (Rs.14,300-400-18,300) and S-25 (Rs.15,100-400-18,300) will be placed in pay band-4, whereas the same is being denied to the armed forces officers (Lt. Col. and equivalent) who were already in S-25”.
Now the defence minister says that the government had earmarked around Rs 6,000 crore additionally for serving defence personnel and ex-servicemen after removing the anomalies in the recommendations of the sixth pay commission.
Antony said, “After opening a new department in the Defence Ministry for ex-servicemen, the government is going to set up an Ex-Servicemen Commission soon to recommend various welfare schemes for them and their families”.
Earlier former chief of army staff General (Rtd) NC Vij had criticized the original Sixth pay recommendations calling it inadequate. In a letter written to Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Sigh he had said, “ As a former chief, I feel morally duty-bound to bring this fact to the notice of the Hon'ble Prime Minister in my personal capacity. I take heart from the fact, that it is under your leadership, that, in my tenure, the government went for a major improvement in the 'operational posture by sanctioning South Western Command and 9 Corps HQs with full complements and also for some restoration of self esteem of the young officers through addressing their delayed promotions-cum-service conditions, by approving Part 1 of Ajay Vikram Singh Committee report'…If this had been followed up, through a balanced PCR and implementation of Part II of the 'AVS Report', things would have reasonably improved, but unfortunately the very opposite has happened.”
Stressing on the plight of army personnel he further said, “Sir, you yourself hail from a state, which has traditionally produced soldiers. You would have often wondered, as to why a supremely fit jawan/JCO who retires at the young age of 42-48, ages and grows old so fast. It is because he has no resources to fall back upon to ensure a decent living for his family after his early retirement. This problem gets further accentuated with the constraints of even poor farming conditions. Why should a soldier retire at this early age (other services serve upto 60 years) and why this man who has served the Nation so valiantly not be given a second career by way of 'lateral transfer', which alas will never come about”.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission,Sixth Pay Commission News,Sixth Pay Commission Latest News
Source: http://www.khabrein.info/
New Delhi, Aug 29, 2008: It is a good news for former defence personnel. The Union government is planning to launch an Ex-Servicemen Commission on the lines of sixth Pay Commission. The announcement was made by the Indian Defence Minister AK Antony.
Several senior officials in armed forces who had been complaining that they had been given a raw deal by sixth pay commission can now have a sigh of relief. The minister said that the government has earmarked a huge amount to take care of the grouses of the sixth pay panel.
An army official while writing to Khabrein.info complains the unfair treatment to armed forces personnel. He says, “The pay commissions have always been singularly unfriendly to the men in uniform may be because our call of duty does not permit us to protest. I am a group captin with 32 years plus service and yet to be considered for my promotion because of limitations of pyramidical structure. My salary at this time is Basic pay 17350+ Rank Pay 2000+ Stagnation pay 900. Total 20250. Initially I was placed in PB 3 where I would have achieved highest of Rs 39100 within an year or so. Stagnation pays are so common to Armed Forces officers because the salary band are so narrow (suiting only IAS offices who get promoted before acquiring highest of the pay band. Not many of my civilian colleagues will believe that I reached my highest possible pay more than three years back and has to wait there till promotion board (if it ever does) comes up”.
He goes on to say, “There is a genuine need to have extended scales for armed forces. And please do not forget that I hope to retire at 56 and look desperately for second career to meet my unfinished commitments”.
This official is not the only one complaining about the unfairness of the Sixth Pay Panel towards armed forces. Even Indian Air Force chief was forced to write about it due to anomalies in pay structure.
Air Chief Marshal Fali H. Major in a letter addressed to Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Indian Navy chief says, “The finance ministry is introducing yet another anomaly by lowering the extant of parities of officers of the armed forces, of the Lt. Col. (and equivalent), by retaining them in pay band-3, while raising similarly placed civilian and paramilitary officers to pay band-4”.
IAF chief added that “It is reliably learnt that civilian and paramilitary officers in the extant pay scales S-24 (Rs.14,300-400-18,300) and S-25 (Rs.15,100-400-18,300) will be placed in pay band-4, whereas the same is being denied to the armed forces officers (Lt. Col. and equivalent) who were already in S-25”.
Now the defence minister says that the government had earmarked around Rs 6,000 crore additionally for serving defence personnel and ex-servicemen after removing the anomalies in the recommendations of the sixth pay commission.
Antony said, “After opening a new department in the Defence Ministry for ex-servicemen, the government is going to set up an Ex-Servicemen Commission soon to recommend various welfare schemes for them and their families”.
Earlier former chief of army staff General (Rtd) NC Vij had criticized the original Sixth pay recommendations calling it inadequate. In a letter written to Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Sigh he had said, “ As a former chief, I feel morally duty-bound to bring this fact to the notice of the Hon'ble Prime Minister in my personal capacity. I take heart from the fact, that it is under your leadership, that, in my tenure, the government went for a major improvement in the 'operational posture by sanctioning South Western Command and 9 Corps HQs with full complements and also for some restoration of self esteem of the young officers through addressing their delayed promotions-cum-service conditions, by approving Part 1 of Ajay Vikram Singh Committee report'…If this had been followed up, through a balanced PCR and implementation of Part II of the 'AVS Report', things would have reasonably improved, but unfortunately the very opposite has happened.”
Stressing on the plight of army personnel he further said, “Sir, you yourself hail from a state, which has traditionally produced soldiers. You would have often wondered, as to why a supremely fit jawan/JCO who retires at the young age of 42-48, ages and grows old so fast. It is because he has no resources to fall back upon to ensure a decent living for his family after his early retirement. This problem gets further accentuated with the constraints of even poor farming conditions. Why should a soldier retire at this early age (other services serve upto 60 years) and why this man who has served the Nation so valiantly not be given a second career by way of 'lateral transfer', which alas will never come about”.
Tags: Sixth Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission,Sixth Pay Commission News,Sixth Pay Commission Latest News
Source: http://www.khabrein.info/
Dhaam Dhoom Review
Dhaam Dhoom Review
Director (Late) Jeeva was remembered for his films like ‘12-B’, ‘Ullam Ketkumae’ and ‘Unnale Unnale’. ‘Dhaam Dhoom’, unfortunately, was his last venture as he passed away in Moscow last year, just before the completion of the film.
According to news ‘Dhaam Dhoom’ is a non-stop action thriller featuring ‘Jeyam’ Ravi (for the first time in this kind of a film), Lakshmi Rai and Bollywood beauty Kangna Ranaut in lead roles.
While the entire film has been shot in Russia, songs have been filmed at different locations in India. The shooting has also been held Pollachi, Hyderabad, Coorg, Thenkasi and Nellai besides Russia.
A story line of this movie is, “The film begins with a 5-day trip to Russia undertaken by a house surgeon (‘Jeyam’ Ravi) to take part in a medical conference. A sequence of totally unexpected events lands him in big trouble for no fault of his and makes him run for his life.
Well versed only in Tamil and English, our hero finds himself trapped in Russia, where English language is hardly shown any respect. In this situation, he finally gets help from a practicing lawyer in Russia
Source: http://ratevin.com/story.php?title=Dhaam_Dhoom_Review-1
Director (Late) Jeeva was remembered for his films like ‘12-B’, ‘Ullam Ketkumae’ and ‘Unnale Unnale’. ‘Dhaam Dhoom’, unfortunately, was his last venture as he passed away in Moscow last year, just before the completion of the film.
According to news ‘Dhaam Dhoom’ is a non-stop action thriller featuring ‘Jeyam’ Ravi (for the first time in this kind of a film), Lakshmi Rai and Bollywood beauty Kangna Ranaut in lead roles.
While the entire film has been shot in Russia, songs have been filmed at different locations in India. The shooting has also been held Pollachi, Hyderabad, Coorg, Thenkasi and Nellai besides Russia.
A story line of this movie is, “The film begins with a 5-day trip to Russia undertaken by a house surgeon (‘Jeyam’ Ravi) to take part in a medical conference. A sequence of totally unexpected events lands him in big trouble for no fault of his and makes him run for his life.
Well versed only in Tamil and English, our hero finds himself trapped in Russia, where English language is hardly shown any respect. In this situation, he finally gets help from a practicing lawyer in Russia
Source: http://ratevin.com/story.php?title=Dhaam_Dhoom_Review-1
Rock On Review - www.realbollywood.com
Rock On Review - www.realbollywood.com
Movie: Rock On; Cast: Farhan Akhtar, Prachi Desai, Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli, Luke Kenny and Shahana Goswami; Director: Abhishek Kapoor; Rating: ****
If you consider ‘Dil Chahta Hai’ as one of the finest films made on male bonding laced with witty sense of humour and great music, then ‘Rock On!!’ is a worthy sequel. The only difference being that while in the former Farhan Akhtar made a clever debut as a director and in the latter he makes a brilliant debut as an actor. Rock On!! rocks even in its understated silences of poignance.
The film is about a Rock band ‘Magik’ comprised of Aditya (Farhan, fantastic, the intensity reminds of angry young man of 70s), Joe (Arjun Rampal, underplayed to perfection), Rob (Luke Kenny, a revelation) and KD (Purab Kohli, hilarious)…how the flashback dreams of stardom while the present is a stark reality of investment banking and mercenary guitaring. Aditya’s wife Saakshi (Prachi Desai, first rate debut) brings the band together and then there’s the proverbial ‘twist’. One more peformance that’s noteworthy is that of Shahana Goswami (who’ll be making full fledged debut in ‘Ru Ba Ru’) as the realistic wife of Arjun. This is one actress to watch out for.
Music by Shankar Ehsan loy is electrifying (though it has a niche appeal considering not everyone fancies rock music). I am sure ‘Tum Ho Toh’ will be a unanimous favourite…a soft ballad with wonderful chorus sections. Farhan the singer isn’t bad, for in the context of the film they are an amateur band (moreover, the groovy picturisation makes us for the loopholes too) trying to make it big.
Although Abhishek Kapoor has been credited with story and direction but you can easily witness ‘creative’ imprints of Akhtar junior (thankfully). On the flip side, the absorbing tempo of the first half dips in the beginning of second half but then it picks up pieces just fine to give a goose pimple evoking concert-climax.
Rock On!! is one movie that will make you smile…effortlessly. Go Rock!
Tags: Rock On Review,Rock On,Farhan Akhtar, Prachi Desai, Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli, Luke Kenny and Shahana Goswami,Abhishek Kapoor
Source: http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2008/08/rock-on-review.html
Movie: Rock On; Cast: Farhan Akhtar, Prachi Desai, Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli, Luke Kenny and Shahana Goswami; Director: Abhishek Kapoor; Rating: ****
If you consider ‘Dil Chahta Hai’ as one of the finest films made on male bonding laced with witty sense of humour and great music, then ‘Rock On!!’ is a worthy sequel. The only difference being that while in the former Farhan Akhtar made a clever debut as a director and in the latter he makes a brilliant debut as an actor. Rock On!! rocks even in its understated silences of poignance.
The film is about a Rock band ‘Magik’ comprised of Aditya (Farhan, fantastic, the intensity reminds of angry young man of 70s), Joe (Arjun Rampal, underplayed to perfection), Rob (Luke Kenny, a revelation) and KD (Purab Kohli, hilarious)…how the flashback dreams of stardom while the present is a stark reality of investment banking and mercenary guitaring. Aditya’s wife Saakshi (Prachi Desai, first rate debut) brings the band together and then there’s the proverbial ‘twist’. One more peformance that’s noteworthy is that of Shahana Goswami (who’ll be making full fledged debut in ‘Ru Ba Ru’) as the realistic wife of Arjun. This is one actress to watch out for.
Music by Shankar Ehsan loy is electrifying (though it has a niche appeal considering not everyone fancies rock music). I am sure ‘Tum Ho Toh’ will be a unanimous favourite…a soft ballad with wonderful chorus sections. Farhan the singer isn’t bad, for in the context of the film they are an amateur band (moreover, the groovy picturisation makes us for the loopholes too) trying to make it big.
Although Abhishek Kapoor has been credited with story and direction but you can easily witness ‘creative’ imprints of Akhtar junior (thankfully). On the flip side, the absorbing tempo of the first half dips in the beginning of second half but then it picks up pieces just fine to give a goose pimple evoking concert-climax.
Rock On!! is one movie that will make you smile…effortlessly. Go Rock!
Tags: Rock On Review,Rock On,Farhan Akhtar, Prachi Desai, Arjun Rampal, Purab Kohli, Luke Kenny and Shahana Goswami,Abhishek Kapoor
Source: http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2008/08/rock-on-review.html
HUDA - huda.nic.in - Haryana Urban Development Authority,Panchkula,INDIA
HUDA - huda.nic.in - Haryana Urban Development Authority,Panchkula,INDIA
The main objective of any organisation should be public Service & Welfare. HUDA is committed to these high ideals. With a view to being in greater transparency in its functioning, HUDA now goes online. This should help the public, in general and the allottees, in particular, in having complete information regarding HUDA's setup, procedures, policies and guideline etc. However, the information provided on this website is for guidance purpose of general public about the present rules & regulations and procedures of HUDA. It is not a legal document, and as such it cannot be reproduced in any legal matter. As and when the policies or regulations are changed, the same shall be applicable.
BROAD WORKING OF THE ORGANIZATION
The Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA), a statutory body of Haryana Govt. was constituted under the Haryana Urban Development Authority Act, 1977. Before the constitution of HUDA, the Deptt. Of Urban Estates, which was established in the year 1962, used to look after the work concerning planned development of urban areas and it functioned under the aegis of the Town & Country Planning Deptt. The functioning of the Urban Estates Deptt. was earlier regulated by the Punjab Urban Estates (Development & Regulations) Act, 1964 and rules made thereunder and the various development activities used to be carried out by different departments of the State Govt. such as P.W.D (B&R), Public Health, Haryana State Electricity Board etc. But it was observed that the involvement of several agencies in the development of Urban Estates at various places had given rise to problems of coordination with the result that growth of most of Urban Estates became slow and caused unnecessary dissatisfaction among the plot-holders in particular and public in general. Besides, as the Deptt. had to follow the financial rules and regulations of Govt., the arrangement of finances and sanction of estimates took a long time and the development works had not kept pace with the required standards of physical development. It was also considered that being Govt. department, it was unable to raise resources from various lending institutions although there were various financial institutions in the country to finance urban development programmes which could be availed of. Thus in order to over come all these difficulties and to achieve the expeditious development of urban estates, it was felt that the Deptt. Of Urban Estates should be converted into such a body which could take up all the developmental activities itself and provide various facilities in the urban estates expeditiously. Accordingly, the Authority has taken over work which was being handled by individual departments.The main functions of Haryana Urban Development Authority are as under :-
To promote and secure development of urban areas with the power to acquire, sell and dispose off property, both movable and immovable ;
To acquire, develop and dispose land for residential, industrial and commercial purpose ;
To make available developed land to Haryana Housing Board and other bodies for providing houses to economically weaker sections of the society ; and
To undertake building works.
ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP OF HUDA
The Authority consists of a Chairman( Hon'ble Chief Minister, Haryana), a Vice Chairman ( Chief Secretary to Govt.,Haryana), a Chief Administrator and such other members (not more than 12 but not less than 6) appointed under notification issued from time to time provided that the number of non-official members shall not, at any time exceed three . The HUDA has various wings, like Urban Branch, Engineering, Town Planning and Architecture, Financial, Legal and Monitoring. The Chief Administrator at the Head-Quarters is the overall incharge and responsible for discharging functions of the Authority assisted by four zonal Administrators, posted at Panchkula, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hisar and one Administrator at H.Q. The Chief Administrator is guided by the policies framed by the Authority headed by the Minister-in-charge (designated as the Chairman of the Authority) of the Town & Country Planning Departments, under Section-8 of the HUDA Act, 1977.
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS WINGS OF HUDA.
ZONAL ADMINISTRATION
HUDA has so far setup 27 Urban estates throughout the state. The work of these Urban Estates is being looked after by four zonal Administrators assisted by six Estate Officers and 11 Asstt. Estate Officers. The main functions of these Estate Officers are to sell developed and undeveloped plots of all categories of land and realise the amount of instalments. All the financial receipts of transactions are looked after by the Estate Officers and channelised through the Accounts Branch of Head Office for expenditure on development activities. These estate officers are also responsible for persuing the matters relating to the construction activities within the frame work of construction and building rules applicable thereto. The Administrators act as co-ordinators between various wings engaged in the planned urban development of the respective areas and are responsible for the implementation of various schemes/projects being executed in these areas. The zonal Administrators are located at following places:-
Administrator, HUDA, Panchkula, C-3, Sector-6, Panchkula,
Ph. +91 - 0172 - 560024(O).
Administrator, HUDA, Faridabad, HUDA Complex, Sector-12, Faridabad,
Ph. +91 - 0129 - 2370084 (O)
Administrator, HUDA, Gurgaon, HUDA Complex,Sector-14, Gurgaon.
Ph. +91 - 0124 - 2321650(O)
Administrator, HUDA, Hisar, HUDA Complex, U.E.II, Hisar.
Ph. +91 - 01662 - 245385 (O)
Administrator, HUDA, Rohtak, Sector-1, Rohtak.
Ph. +91 - 01262 - 292786 (O)
URBAN BRANCH
Administrator posted at H.Q. is overall incharge and responsible for co-ordination among different wings of the Authority. All the matters relating to policy matters and allotment of land to various institutions etc. are also being dealt by him. The financial and administrative powers have also been delegated to him.
ESTABLISHMENT
Establishment work of HUDA is looked after by the Secretary HUDA. He also conducts the meetings of the Authority and rule branch of HUDA is also headed by him.
ENGINEERING WING
The The Engineering Wing works under the control of two Chief Engineers who are assisted at Head Quarter by an Additional Chief Engineer, two Superintending Engineers & four Executive Engineers. For taking care of execution of different type of works in field, the Engineering Wing is further sub divided into Civil, Electrical & Horticulture circles.
Civil Circles The entire state is divided into 7 Circles & 22 Divisions headed by Superintending Engineers and Executive Engineers respectively. The civil circles are located one each at Panchkula, Karnal, Faridabad, Rohtak, Hisar and two at Gurgaon.
Electrical Circle The electrical works in the state are being looked after by a Superintending Engineer at Panchkula & assisted by three electrical Divisions located at Panchkula, Gurgaon & Hisar.
Horticulture Circle The Horticulture works are being taken care of by a Superintending Engineer at Panchkula & assisted by three horticultre Divisions located at Panchkula, Gurgaon & Hisar.
As soon as the land is acquired and handed-over to the HUDA, infrastructural development works are taken up by the Engineering wing as per approved layout plan of the area, and after providing the basic infrastructural facilities, possession of the plots is handed over to the Estate Office, who in turn offers the possession to the respective allottees. The basic infrastructural facilities includes the approach road, Electrification, water supply and sewerage facilities. The other infrastructural activities like community buildings, parks and other facilities are taken up simultaneously and are linked with the inhabitation in the Urban Estate.
FINANCE WING
The Finance/Accounts Wing is headed by the Chief Controller of Finance which comprises of Sr.Accounts Officer at the Head Quarters and with all the Administrators assisted by Accounts Officers and supporting staff posted in all the Estates, Circle, Divisional offices etc. This Wing is responsible for the financial management of the Authority. The existing system of accounting at all levels including that of Engineering Wing is basically on the pattern of P.W.D. which is being replaced by the commercial system of accounts in such a way that it yields information required for planning and control of different functional areas and in the preparation of managerial reports. Similarly, the planning and control of material stores is of crucial significance which is being improved through introduction of performance budgeting, materials and inventory planning and control based on net work and cost control techniques
HUDA is working on no profit no loss basis and carrying out its activities by circulation of funds. The funds generated out of sale of residential, industrial and institutional plots are invested in acquisition of new areas which enable HUDA to generate more plots for the public and more funds for the development works and new acquisitions.
The Price fixed on no profit no loss basis is charged from the plot holders with the stipulation that any enhanced compensation in the land cost awarded by the courts under section-18 of the Land Acquisition Act shall be recoverable in addition as and when such eventuality happens.
The plots to the Economical Weaker Section of the Soceity are provided on a subsidized rate of Rs.500/- per Sq.yd. in of Urban Estate, Panchkula, Gurgaon and Faridabad, Rs. 400/-, per Sq.yd. at Karnal, Panipat and Bahadurgarh and Rs. 300/- per Sq.yd in all other Urban Estate, and the loss on this account is charged from the higher categories of the plots through cross subsidization.
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING WING
The Architecture and Town Planning wings have been established at the Head-Quarters to look after the work of perspective Planning for establishment of new urban estates, research and development of zoning and architectural controls, the design of city centres, Planning of commercial area, land scape, designing of parks and open spaces including nurseries and all other works of urban design. The Town Planning wing is headed by a Chief Town Planner (HUDA) who is assisted by a Senior Town Planner & District Town Planners. Architecture wing comprises of Senior Architect and his staff for preparation of Architectural controls and Architectural designs of all buildings constructed by HUDA. On the Architecture side there is a Land Scape Architect also for designing parks, open spaces and gardens. The Town Planning Wing has also been entrusted with the job of designing and issue of advertisements in the newspapers regarding sale of sites in City Centres, Shopping Centres and residential / industrial sectors in all the Urban Estates.
MONITORING CELL
In order to monitor the progress of the developmental works done by the field offices on regular and timely basis a Monitoring Cell was set up at the Head Office of the Authority which is headed by the Deputy Economic & Statistical Adviser and supporting staff at the field level. The work relating to the regular systematic inflow of performance data and its appraisal for future planning of urban development is being done by this cell.
LEGAL CELL
The HUDA is an organisation which deals with the acquisition and disposal of developed land for various purposes and accordingly legal complications of various natures do arise which are being taken care of by the Legal Cell of the Authority which is manned by a Joint Director (Legal) with the necessary supporting staff both at the Headquarters and field offices.
LAND ACQUISITION DIVISIONS
The acquisition of land for urban development is undertaken by four Land Acquisition Officers of the Urban Estates Deptt. at the instance of Authority. The State Govt. on the request of the Authority acquires land under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and after taking possession of land, transfers it to the Authority on payment. The overall cost of acquisition and enhanced compensation if ordered by the court is paid by the HUDA out of its own funds.
(a) Market Rate Compensation to Land Owners
Before 09.02.1995 the award for land acquisition was announced on the basis of rates determined by concerned District Collector who was the Competent Authority under Revenue Law to assess such rates. The assessment was based on the average of registered sale transactions during the last 5 years prior to the Section-4 notification in respect of adjoining lands of similar category. (The claims U/s 9 of the Land Acquisition Act filed by the Land Owners/interested persons were also taken into consideration by the Land Acquisition Collector before announcing the award.)
However, it was felt that the above mentioned collector rates did not reflect the actual market prices and therefore on 09.02.1995 Government costituted a committee comprising of the following officers to decide the market price to be paid to the land owners in case of acquisition by the Government :-
The above instructions of the Government were modified on 20.06.1995 by changing the composition of the committee thus:-
Divisional Commissioner Chairman
Dy. Commissioner concerned Member Secretary
Representative of the concerned Member Department.
District Revenue Officer concerned Member
The above committee is to determine the market price by taking into consideration the average of 1 year sale price and not of 5 years as was the practice earlier.
In short, the Land Acquisition Collector announces the award taking into consideration the rates so fixed by the committee headed by the Divisional Commissioner as well as the claims received U/s 9 of the Land Acquisition Act filed by the land owners and the interested pe rsons. However, the land owner has the option of requesting the Collector to refer the matter to the court U/s 18 of the said Act., if he is not saisfied with the award given by the Land Acquisition Collector.
(b) Stages in acquisition, planning and development of a sector.
The Town & Country Planning Department of the State has prepared/ finalised development plans of various towns/controlled area taking into consideration the further needs of Indl. Residential and commercial sectors so as to ensure proper and planned urban development, exercising the powers inherited by sub-section(4) of section 5 of Punjab Development Act, 1963. Thereis a laid down procedure for acquisition of land for the development of residential, Industrial, Institutional as well as Commercial sectors/area while identyfying the land for a specific purpose aspects local requirements, demand sale potential accessibility viability are taken into consideration, thereafter the identified land is notified. The objections to the proposed acquisition are invited and after hearing the objection received by a standing joint inspection committee the land is finally acquired.
Once the land is acquired, possession is taken over and layout plan/zoning plan of the area is finalised, the plots provided in the layout plan are floated for allotment. Development works are undertaken as per approved demarcation plan, and after completion of development works, possession is handed over to the allotees
( c) Release of land.
Once the land is notified under section 4 of Land Acquisition Act, the land owners and other persons, whose land is acquired may file objections to the acquisition of their land under section 5A of Land Acquisition Act. The standing joint inspection Committee constituted under the chairmanship of zonal Administrator, HUDA, considers the objection so received and submits its recommendations. Normally the land faliing under the following categories is considered for release from acquisition.
Land falling under structure of A & B class existing prior to notification under section-4, providing these structures do not fall in the proposed road, or green belt area.
Land falling under the existing place of worships.
Land under the ownership of Wakf board.
Land against which licences for setting up a colony has been granted by the competent authority.
Land under the ownership of Govt. of India. Such land is acquired by way of transfer.
Any other land which State Govt. may decide not to acquire.
GOVT. LAND SCHEME
Haryana Govt. took a decision in the year 1987 to utilise the surplus Govt. lands for generating resources for State Exchequer. The Council of Ministers in the meeting held on 14.12.87 had approved the general scheme of alienation of surplus Govt. land and properties which had been identified by the concerned Deputy Commissioners in consultation with the departments concerned in various towns of Haryana. These lands were then transferred to the Department of Town & Country Planning, Haryana for further alienation to HUDA for development and disposal. In all 14 schemes have been taken up with an area of 455.95 acres out of these 14 schemes, 9 schemes were commercial in nature, 4 residential and 1 industrial scheme.
Since disposal of plots under Govt. Land Schemes through auction has not worked well. It has been decided by the govt. that balance residential plots under Govt. Land Scheme falling in low potential areas may be floated and the plots may be allotted through draw of lots.
MANDI TOWNSHIP AREAS
Consequent upon the winding up of the Colonization Department with effect from 30th September, 1983 vide Haryana Govt. Town & Country Planning Department’s notification No.18(43) 85-2TCP dated 19.9.83, the Mandi Portion of 31 Mandi Townships established by the Colonisation Department were transferred to the Haryana State Agricultural Marketing Board and the remaining portion of the 29 Mandi Townships came to the share of Haryana Urban Development Authority. As a sequal to the HUDA become a successor organisation to the colonisation Deptartment for all intents and purposes for Township areas.
The total land measuring 3516.439 acres (including vacant land measuring 1316.81 acres and 3422 vacant plots) of 29 Mandi Townships established by earstwhile Colonisation Deptt. were taken over by HUDA on 11.9.87. As a sequal to that HUDA became a successor organisation to the Colonization Department for all intents and purposes for Township Areas.
Source: http://huda.nic.in/about.htm
The main objective of any organisation should be public Service & Welfare. HUDA is committed to these high ideals. With a view to being in greater transparency in its functioning, HUDA now goes online. This should help the public, in general and the allottees, in particular, in having complete information regarding HUDA's setup, procedures, policies and guideline etc. However, the information provided on this website is for guidance purpose of general public about the present rules & regulations and procedures of HUDA. It is not a legal document, and as such it cannot be reproduced in any legal matter. As and when the policies or regulations are changed, the same shall be applicable.
BROAD WORKING OF THE ORGANIZATION
The Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA), a statutory body of Haryana Govt. was constituted under the Haryana Urban Development Authority Act, 1977. Before the constitution of HUDA, the Deptt. Of Urban Estates, which was established in the year 1962, used to look after the work concerning planned development of urban areas and it functioned under the aegis of the Town & Country Planning Deptt. The functioning of the Urban Estates Deptt. was earlier regulated by the Punjab Urban Estates (Development & Regulations) Act, 1964 and rules made thereunder and the various development activities used to be carried out by different departments of the State Govt. such as P.W.D (B&R), Public Health, Haryana State Electricity Board etc. But it was observed that the involvement of several agencies in the development of Urban Estates at various places had given rise to problems of coordination with the result that growth of most of Urban Estates became slow and caused unnecessary dissatisfaction among the plot-holders in particular and public in general. Besides, as the Deptt. had to follow the financial rules and regulations of Govt., the arrangement of finances and sanction of estimates took a long time and the development works had not kept pace with the required standards of physical development. It was also considered that being Govt. department, it was unable to raise resources from various lending institutions although there were various financial institutions in the country to finance urban development programmes which could be availed of. Thus in order to over come all these difficulties and to achieve the expeditious development of urban estates, it was felt that the Deptt. Of Urban Estates should be converted into such a body which could take up all the developmental activities itself and provide various facilities in the urban estates expeditiously. Accordingly, the Authority has taken over work which was being handled by individual departments.The main functions of Haryana Urban Development Authority are as under :-
To promote and secure development of urban areas with the power to acquire, sell and dispose off property, both movable and immovable ;
To acquire, develop and dispose land for residential, industrial and commercial purpose ;
To make available developed land to Haryana Housing Board and other bodies for providing houses to economically weaker sections of the society ; and
To undertake building works.
ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP OF HUDA
The Authority consists of a Chairman( Hon'ble Chief Minister, Haryana), a Vice Chairman ( Chief Secretary to Govt.,Haryana), a Chief Administrator and such other members (not more than 12 but not less than 6) appointed under notification issued from time to time provided that the number of non-official members shall not, at any time exceed three . The HUDA has various wings, like Urban Branch, Engineering, Town Planning and Architecture, Financial, Legal and Monitoring. The Chief Administrator at the Head-Quarters is the overall incharge and responsible for discharging functions of the Authority assisted by four zonal Administrators, posted at Panchkula, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hisar and one Administrator at H.Q. The Chief Administrator is guided by the policies framed by the Authority headed by the Minister-in-charge (designated as the Chairman of the Authority) of the Town & Country Planning Departments, under Section-8 of the HUDA Act, 1977.
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS WINGS OF HUDA.
ZONAL ADMINISTRATION
HUDA has so far setup 27 Urban estates throughout the state. The work of these Urban Estates is being looked after by four zonal Administrators assisted by six Estate Officers and 11 Asstt. Estate Officers. The main functions of these Estate Officers are to sell developed and undeveloped plots of all categories of land and realise the amount of instalments. All the financial receipts of transactions are looked after by the Estate Officers and channelised through the Accounts Branch of Head Office for expenditure on development activities. These estate officers are also responsible for persuing the matters relating to the construction activities within the frame work of construction and building rules applicable thereto. The Administrators act as co-ordinators between various wings engaged in the planned urban development of the respective areas and are responsible for the implementation of various schemes/projects being executed in these areas. The zonal Administrators are located at following places:-
Administrator, HUDA, Panchkula, C-3, Sector-6, Panchkula,
Ph. +91 - 0172 - 560024(O).
Administrator, HUDA, Faridabad, HUDA Complex, Sector-12, Faridabad,
Ph. +91 - 0129 - 2370084 (O)
Administrator, HUDA, Gurgaon, HUDA Complex,Sector-14, Gurgaon.
Ph. +91 - 0124 - 2321650(O)
Administrator, HUDA, Hisar, HUDA Complex, U.E.II, Hisar.
Ph. +91 - 01662 - 245385 (O)
Administrator, HUDA, Rohtak, Sector-1, Rohtak.
Ph. +91 - 01262 - 292786 (O)
URBAN BRANCH
Administrator posted at H.Q. is overall incharge and responsible for co-ordination among different wings of the Authority. All the matters relating to policy matters and allotment of land to various institutions etc. are also being dealt by him. The financial and administrative powers have also been delegated to him.
ESTABLISHMENT
Establishment work of HUDA is looked after by the Secretary HUDA. He also conducts the meetings of the Authority and rule branch of HUDA is also headed by him.
ENGINEERING WING
The The Engineering Wing works under the control of two Chief Engineers who are assisted at Head Quarter by an Additional Chief Engineer, two Superintending Engineers & four Executive Engineers. For taking care of execution of different type of works in field, the Engineering Wing is further sub divided into Civil, Electrical & Horticulture circles.
Civil Circles The entire state is divided into 7 Circles & 22 Divisions headed by Superintending Engineers and Executive Engineers respectively. The civil circles are located one each at Panchkula, Karnal, Faridabad, Rohtak, Hisar and two at Gurgaon.
Electrical Circle The electrical works in the state are being looked after by a Superintending Engineer at Panchkula & assisted by three electrical Divisions located at Panchkula, Gurgaon & Hisar.
Horticulture Circle The Horticulture works are being taken care of by a Superintending Engineer at Panchkula & assisted by three horticultre Divisions located at Panchkula, Gurgaon & Hisar.
As soon as the land is acquired and handed-over to the HUDA, infrastructural development works are taken up by the Engineering wing as per approved layout plan of the area, and after providing the basic infrastructural facilities, possession of the plots is handed over to the Estate Office, who in turn offers the possession to the respective allottees. The basic infrastructural facilities includes the approach road, Electrification, water supply and sewerage facilities. The other infrastructural activities like community buildings, parks and other facilities are taken up simultaneously and are linked with the inhabitation in the Urban Estate.
FINANCE WING
The Finance/Accounts Wing is headed by the Chief Controller of Finance which comprises of Sr.Accounts Officer at the Head Quarters and with all the Administrators assisted by Accounts Officers and supporting staff posted in all the Estates, Circle, Divisional offices etc. This Wing is responsible for the financial management of the Authority. The existing system of accounting at all levels including that of Engineering Wing is basically on the pattern of P.W.D. which is being replaced by the commercial system of accounts in such a way that it yields information required for planning and control of different functional areas and in the preparation of managerial reports. Similarly, the planning and control of material stores is of crucial significance which is being improved through introduction of performance budgeting, materials and inventory planning and control based on net work and cost control techniques
HUDA is working on no profit no loss basis and carrying out its activities by circulation of funds. The funds generated out of sale of residential, industrial and institutional plots are invested in acquisition of new areas which enable HUDA to generate more plots for the public and more funds for the development works and new acquisitions.
The Price fixed on no profit no loss basis is charged from the plot holders with the stipulation that any enhanced compensation in the land cost awarded by the courts under section-18 of the Land Acquisition Act shall be recoverable in addition as and when such eventuality happens.
The plots to the Economical Weaker Section of the Soceity are provided on a subsidized rate of Rs.500/- per Sq.yd. in of Urban Estate, Panchkula, Gurgaon and Faridabad, Rs. 400/-, per Sq.yd. at Karnal, Panipat and Bahadurgarh and Rs. 300/- per Sq.yd in all other Urban Estate, and the loss on this account is charged from the higher categories of the plots through cross subsidization.
ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING WING
The Architecture and Town Planning wings have been established at the Head-Quarters to look after the work of perspective Planning for establishment of new urban estates, research and development of zoning and architectural controls, the design of city centres, Planning of commercial area, land scape, designing of parks and open spaces including nurseries and all other works of urban design. The Town Planning wing is headed by a Chief Town Planner (HUDA) who is assisted by a Senior Town Planner & District Town Planners. Architecture wing comprises of Senior Architect and his staff for preparation of Architectural controls and Architectural designs of all buildings constructed by HUDA. On the Architecture side there is a Land Scape Architect also for designing parks, open spaces and gardens. The Town Planning Wing has also been entrusted with the job of designing and issue of advertisements in the newspapers regarding sale of sites in City Centres, Shopping Centres and residential / industrial sectors in all the Urban Estates.
MONITORING CELL
In order to monitor the progress of the developmental works done by the field offices on regular and timely basis a Monitoring Cell was set up at the Head Office of the Authority which is headed by the Deputy Economic & Statistical Adviser and supporting staff at the field level. The work relating to the regular systematic inflow of performance data and its appraisal for future planning of urban development is being done by this cell.
LEGAL CELL
The HUDA is an organisation which deals with the acquisition and disposal of developed land for various purposes and accordingly legal complications of various natures do arise which are being taken care of by the Legal Cell of the Authority which is manned by a Joint Director (Legal) with the necessary supporting staff both at the Headquarters and field offices.
LAND ACQUISITION DIVISIONS
The acquisition of land for urban development is undertaken by four Land Acquisition Officers of the Urban Estates Deptt. at the instance of Authority. The State Govt. on the request of the Authority acquires land under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and after taking possession of land, transfers it to the Authority on payment. The overall cost of acquisition and enhanced compensation if ordered by the court is paid by the HUDA out of its own funds.
(a) Market Rate Compensation to Land Owners
Before 09.02.1995 the award for land acquisition was announced on the basis of rates determined by concerned District Collector who was the Competent Authority under Revenue Law to assess such rates. The assessment was based on the average of registered sale transactions during the last 5 years prior to the Section-4 notification in respect of adjoining lands of similar category. (The claims U/s 9 of the Land Acquisition Act filed by the Land Owners/interested persons were also taken into consideration by the Land Acquisition Collector before announcing the award.)
However, it was felt that the above mentioned collector rates did not reflect the actual market prices and therefore on 09.02.1995 Government costituted a committee comprising of the following officers to decide the market price to be paid to the land owners in case of acquisition by the Government :-
The above instructions of the Government were modified on 20.06.1995 by changing the composition of the committee thus:-
Divisional Commissioner Chairman
Dy. Commissioner concerned Member Secretary
Representative of the concerned Member Department.
District Revenue Officer concerned Member
The above committee is to determine the market price by taking into consideration the average of 1 year sale price and not of 5 years as was the practice earlier.
In short, the Land Acquisition Collector announces the award taking into consideration the rates so fixed by the committee headed by the Divisional Commissioner as well as the claims received U/s 9 of the Land Acquisition Act filed by the land owners and the interested pe rsons. However, the land owner has the option of requesting the Collector to refer the matter to the court U/s 18 of the said Act., if he is not saisfied with the award given by the Land Acquisition Collector.
(b) Stages in acquisition, planning and development of a sector.
The Town & Country Planning Department of the State has prepared/ finalised development plans of various towns/controlled area taking into consideration the further needs of Indl. Residential and commercial sectors so as to ensure proper and planned urban development, exercising the powers inherited by sub-section(4) of section 5 of Punjab Development Act, 1963. Thereis a laid down procedure for acquisition of land for the development of residential, Industrial, Institutional as well as Commercial sectors/area while identyfying the land for a specific purpose aspects local requirements, demand sale potential accessibility viability are taken into consideration, thereafter the identified land is notified. The objections to the proposed acquisition are invited and after hearing the objection received by a standing joint inspection committee the land is finally acquired.
Once the land is acquired, possession is taken over and layout plan/zoning plan of the area is finalised, the plots provided in the layout plan are floated for allotment. Development works are undertaken as per approved demarcation plan, and after completion of development works, possession is handed over to the allotees
( c) Release of land.
Once the land is notified under section 4 of Land Acquisition Act, the land owners and other persons, whose land is acquired may file objections to the acquisition of their land under section 5A of Land Acquisition Act. The standing joint inspection Committee constituted under the chairmanship of zonal Administrator, HUDA, considers the objection so received and submits its recommendations. Normally the land faliing under the following categories is considered for release from acquisition.
Land falling under structure of A & B class existing prior to notification under section-4, providing these structures do not fall in the proposed road, or green belt area.
Land falling under the existing place of worships.
Land under the ownership of Wakf board.
Land against which licences for setting up a colony has been granted by the competent authority.
Land under the ownership of Govt. of India. Such land is acquired by way of transfer.
Any other land which State Govt. may decide not to acquire.
GOVT. LAND SCHEME
Haryana Govt. took a decision in the year 1987 to utilise the surplus Govt. lands for generating resources for State Exchequer. The Council of Ministers in the meeting held on 14.12.87 had approved the general scheme of alienation of surplus Govt. land and properties which had been identified by the concerned Deputy Commissioners in consultation with the departments concerned in various towns of Haryana. These lands were then transferred to the Department of Town & Country Planning, Haryana for further alienation to HUDA for development and disposal. In all 14 schemes have been taken up with an area of 455.95 acres out of these 14 schemes, 9 schemes were commercial in nature, 4 residential and 1 industrial scheme.
Since disposal of plots under Govt. Land Schemes through auction has not worked well. It has been decided by the govt. that balance residential plots under Govt. Land Scheme falling in low potential areas may be floated and the plots may be allotted through draw of lots.
MANDI TOWNSHIP AREAS
Consequent upon the winding up of the Colonization Department with effect from 30th September, 1983 vide Haryana Govt. Town & Country Planning Department’s notification No.18(43) 85-2TCP dated 19.9.83, the Mandi Portion of 31 Mandi Townships established by the Colonisation Department were transferred to the Haryana State Agricultural Marketing Board and the remaining portion of the 29 Mandi Townships came to the share of Haryana Urban Development Authority. As a sequal to the HUDA become a successor organisation to the colonisation Deptartment for all intents and purposes for Township areas.
The total land measuring 3516.439 acres (including vacant land measuring 1316.81 acres and 3422 vacant plots) of 29 Mandi Townships established by earstwhile Colonisation Deptt. were taken over by HUDA on 11.9.87. As a sequal to that HUDA became a successor organisation to the Colonization Department for all intents and purposes for Township Areas.
Source: http://huda.nic.in/about.htm
Sixth Pay Commission notification released - pib.nic.in
Sixth Pay Commission notification released - pib.nic.in
Sixth Pay Commission notification can be accessed at: http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
The pib.nic.in site is down due to heavy traffic.
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
Labels: 6th pay commission notification,sixth pay commission notification,pib.nic.in,www.pib.nic.in,sixth pay commission gazette notification, sixth pay commission latest, sixth pay commission news,pib,dopt,ministry of finance
Sixth Pay Commission notification can be accessed at: http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
The pib.nic.in site is down due to heavy traffic.
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/mar/6th_payreport.pdf
Labels: 6th pay commission notification,sixth pay commission notification,pib.nic.in,www.pib.nic.in,sixth pay commission gazette notification, sixth pay commission latest, sixth pay commission news,pib,dopt,ministry of finance
Sixth Pay Commission notification released
Now it is the time to get the sixth pay commission notification after approval of 6th pay commission report by cabinet on 14th August 2008. In this sixth pay commission notification you can expect to get exact value of DA applicable on all time from 01.01.2006.
The notification will be available on pib.nic.in from tomorrow (Friday) ( it will be available here also).
Only DA value may change at tomorrow’s notification , it is to be observed in notification on Friday.
40% arrears is expected to be paid before Deepawali.
Source: http://www.freshnews.in/sixth-pay-commission-notification-released-62159
The notification will be available on pib.nic.in from tomorrow (Friday) ( it will be available here also).
Only DA value may change at tomorrow’s notification , it is to be observed in notification on Friday.
40% arrears is expected to be paid before Deepawali.
Source: http://www.freshnews.in/sixth-pay-commission-notification-released-62159
DoPT - Department of Personnel and Training
Role of the Department (www.persmin.nic.in)
The role of the Department of Personnel and Training can be conceptually divided into two parts. In its larger nodal role, it acts as the formulator of policy and the watchdog of the Government ensuring that certain accepted standards and norms, as laid down by it, are followed by all Ministries/Departments in the recruitment, regulation of service conditions and posting transfers and deputation of personnel as well as other related issues. Towards this end, guidelines are issued by it for the benefit of all Ministries/Departments and it monitors the implementation of these guidelines. It also advises all organizations of the Central Government on issues of Personnel Management. At a more immediate level, the Department has the direct responsibility of being the cadre controlling authority for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Central Secretariat Service (CSS). The Department also operates the Central Staffing Scheme under which suitable officers from All India Services and Group `A' Central Services are selected and then placed in posts at the level of Deputy Secretary/Director and Joint Secretary, on the basis of tenure deputation. The Department also deals with cases of appointment to posts of Chairman, Managing Director, full-time functional Director/ Member of the Board of Management of various public sector undertakings/enterprises, corporations, banks and financial institutions. It also deals with the assignment of Indian experts to various developing countries.
Source: http://persmin.nic.in/dopt/index.html
The role of the Department of Personnel and Training can be conceptually divided into two parts. In its larger nodal role, it acts as the formulator of policy and the watchdog of the Government ensuring that certain accepted standards and norms, as laid down by it, are followed by all Ministries/Departments in the recruitment, regulation of service conditions and posting transfers and deputation of personnel as well as other related issues. Towards this end, guidelines are issued by it for the benefit of all Ministries/Departments and it monitors the implementation of these guidelines. It also advises all organizations of the Central Government on issues of Personnel Management. At a more immediate level, the Department has the direct responsibility of being the cadre controlling authority for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Central Secretariat Service (CSS). The Department also operates the Central Staffing Scheme under which suitable officers from All India Services and Group `A' Central Services are selected and then placed in posts at the level of Deputy Secretary/Director and Joint Secretary, on the basis of tenure deputation. The Department also deals with cases of appointment to posts of Chairman, Managing Director, full-time functional Director/ Member of the Board of Management of various public sector undertakings/enterprises, corporations, banks and financial institutions. It also deals with the assignment of Indian experts to various developing countries.
Source: http://persmin.nic.in/dopt/index.html
Today August 29 is Michael Jackson Birthday
Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29, 1958) is an American musician and entertainer. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene at the age of 11 as a member of The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. Referred to as the "King of Pop" in subsequent years, five of his solo studio albums have become some of the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Thriller (1982), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).
In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in popular music and the first African-American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as "Beat It", "Billie Jean" and Thriller—credited for transforming the music video into an art form and a promotional tool—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" kept Jackson as a staple on MTV into the 1990s. With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, pop and contemporary R&B artists.
Jackson has donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial causes through his Dangerous World Tour, charity singles and support of 39 charities.[1] However, other aspects of his personal life—including his changing appearance and eccentric behavior—generated significant controversy which damaged his public image. He was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993, although the matter was settled out of court. Jackson then married twice and fathered three children, all of which caused further controversy. He has experienced health concerns since the early 1990s and conflicting reports regarding the state of his finances since the late 1990s. In 2005, Jackson was tried and later acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges.
One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records—including one for Thriller as the world's best-selling album—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era—and the sale of over 750 million units worldwide. Jackson's highly publicized personal life, coupled with his successful career, has made him a part of popular culture for almost four decades. In recent years he has been cited as one of the world's most famous men.
Background information
Birth name Michael Joseph Jackson
Born August 29, 1958 (1958-08-29) (age 50)
Gary, Indiana, US
Genre(s) R&B, soul, pop, disco, rock
Occupation(s) Singer, songwriter, record producer, arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, financier
Instrument(s) Vocals, percussion, multiple instruments
Years active 1967–present
Label(s) Motown, Epic, Sony
Associated acts The Jackson 5/The Jacksons
Website : www.MichaelJackson.com
Source: wikipedia.org
In the early 1980s, he became a dominant figure in popular music and the first African-American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. The popularity of his music videos airing on MTV, such as "Beat It", "Billie Jean" and Thriller—credited for transforming the music video into an art form and a promotional tool—helped bring the relatively new channel to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" kept Jackson as a staple on MTV into the 1990s. With stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of physically complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, pop and contemporary R&B artists.
Jackson has donated and raised millions of dollars for beneficial causes through his Dangerous World Tour, charity singles and support of 39 charities.[1] However, other aspects of his personal life—including his changing appearance and eccentric behavior—generated significant controversy which damaged his public image. He was accused of child sexual abuse in 1993, although the matter was settled out of court. Jackson then married twice and fathered three children, all of which caused further controversy. He has experienced health concerns since the early 1990s and conflicting reports regarding the state of his finances since the late 1990s. In 2005, Jackson was tried and later acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges.
One of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records—including one for Thriller as the world's best-selling album—13 Grammy Awards, 13 number one singles in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era—and the sale of over 750 million units worldwide. Jackson's highly publicized personal life, coupled with his successful career, has made him a part of popular culture for almost four decades. In recent years he has been cited as one of the world's most famous men.
Background information
Birth name Michael Joseph Jackson
Born August 29, 1958 (1958-08-29) (age 50)
Gary, Indiana, US
Genre(s) R&B, soul, pop, disco, rock
Occupation(s) Singer, songwriter, record producer, arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, financier
Instrument(s) Vocals, percussion, multiple instruments
Years active 1967–present
Label(s) Motown, Epic, Sony
Associated acts The Jackson 5/The Jacksons
Website : www.MichaelJackson.com
Source: wikipedia.org
pib.nic.in - Press Information Bureau Government of India
Press Information Bureau Government of India Provides official press releases and news updates.
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PIB Press Release 8 Jul 2008 ... We the Leaders of Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa, gathered in Sapporo, Japan , on 8 July 2008 , have resolved to issue this ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40146
PIB Press Release 7 Apr 2008 ... The global area under commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing at a very fast pace. ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=37168
PIB Press Release 29 Jul 2008 ... India’s Largest Information and Communication Techology Event, e- India 2008, Conference inaugurated. A NEW SCHEME NAMELY ‘ NATIONAL MISSION ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40786
PIB Press Release 11 Jun 2008 ... The Ministry of Food Processing Industries has declared the year 2008-09 as “Food Safety and Quality Year” ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=39519
PIB Press Releases 4th January, 2003. Prime Minister's Office. CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY REVIEWS PROGRESS IN OPERATIONALIZING INDIA’S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE ...
pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/04012003/r040120033.html
PIB Press Release 23 Mar 2005 ... Important changes incorporated in the Patents (Amendment) Bill, 2005 as compared to the Patents (Amendment) Bill, 2003 ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=8096
PIB Press Release 8 Feb 2007 ... National Design Policy The Union Cabinet today approved the National Design policy. The details are as under : ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=24647
PIB Press Releases 28th January, 2003. Ministry of Science & Technology. INDIA IRAN DISCUSS MODALITIES FOR EXECUTION OF S&T AGREEMENT. India and Iran today discussed the ...
pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/28012003/r280120036.html
PIB Press Release 21 Apr 2008 ... BACKGROUNDER India’s first Digital Environmental Atlas is just a click away. This Interactive Sate of Environment Atlas of India is an ...
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pib.nic.in
Releases
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PIB Press Release 8 Jul 2008 ... We the Leaders of Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa, gathered in Sapporo, Japan , on 8 July 2008 , have resolved to issue this ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40146
PIB Press Release 7 Apr 2008 ... The global area under commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing at a very fast pace. ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=37168
PIB Press Release 29 Jul 2008 ... India’s Largest Information and Communication Techology Event, e- India 2008, Conference inaugurated. A NEW SCHEME NAMELY ‘ NATIONAL MISSION ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40786
PIB Press Release 11 Jun 2008 ... The Ministry of Food Processing Industries has declared the year 2008-09 as “Food Safety and Quality Year” ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=39519
PIB Press Releases 4th January, 2003. Prime Minister's Office. CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY REVIEWS PROGRESS IN OPERATIONALIZING INDIA’S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE ...
pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/04012003/r040120033.html
PIB Press Release 23 Mar 2005 ... Important changes incorporated in the Patents (Amendment) Bill, 2005 as compared to the Patents (Amendment) Bill, 2003 ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=8096
PIB Press Release 8 Feb 2007 ... National Design Policy The Union Cabinet today approved the National Design policy. The details are as under : ...
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=24647
PIB Press Releases 28th January, 2003. Ministry of Science & Technology. INDIA IRAN DISCUSS MODALITIES FOR EXECUTION OF S&T AGREEMENT. India and Iran today discussed the ...
pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/28012003/r280120036.html
PIB Press Release 21 Apr 2008 ... BACKGROUNDER India’s first Digital Environmental Atlas is just a click away. This Interactive Sate of Environment Atlas of India is an ...
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http://pib.nic.in/
Sixth Pay Commission: State govt forms fifth pay panel
KOLKATA: With pay packets of central government employees getting fatter, the state government on Thursday constituted the fifth pay commission for state employees. The commission set up under retired IAS S N Ghosh will submit its report within six months.
As of now, state employees have to remain satisfied with a Puja bonus of Rs 1,000 and an advance. State finance minister Asim Dasgupta has included a larger section of employees for this moolah this year. State employees with emoluments up to Rs 12,000 a month will be entitled to bonus, that was Rs 10,000 till last year.
The pay commission will also suggest changes for "the needs for social accountability and efficiency of the administration and also the decisions of the Government of India on the recommendations of the 6th Central Pay Commission" . The state has 1 million employees on its payroll.
Importantly, the existing promotion policies will be examined , which will take into account the "norms of promotions, efficiencies/productivity, wherever relevant".
Tags: 6th Central Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission,Sixth Central Pay Commission,Sixth Pay Commission News
Source: timesofindia.indiatimes.com
As of now, state employees have to remain satisfied with a Puja bonus of Rs 1,000 and an advance. State finance minister Asim Dasgupta has included a larger section of employees for this moolah this year. State employees with emoluments up to Rs 12,000 a month will be entitled to bonus, that was Rs 10,000 till last year.
The pay commission will also suggest changes for "the needs for social accountability and efficiency of the administration and also the decisions of the Government of India on the recommendations of the 6th Central Pay Commission" . The state has 1 million employees on its payroll.
Importantly, the existing promotion policies will be examined , which will take into account the "norms of promotions, efficiencies/productivity, wherever relevant".
Tags: 6th Central Pay Commission,6th Pay Commission,Sixth Central Pay Commission,Sixth Pay Commission News
Source: timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Sixth pay commission notification on Friday
6th Pay Commission notification to be issued on Friday
New Delhi, Aug 28: The long wait is over. The government is all set to issue the notification of the 6th Pay Commission’s recommendation tomorrow, Friday.
This is sure to be a big relief for 5.5 million central government employees who have been anxiously awaiting the notification.
This will not only clear the air but the central government employees will also be in a better position to figure out the details and will know precisely what they are going to get as their final payments.
Besides they would be able to know clearly the allowances and other benefits that sixth pay commission awards them.
The final draft that the union cabinet approved on 14th August had been improved upon by the government. Several grouses of different sections of the employees were taken into account, particularly the grouses of army officials were considered and anomalies removed.
The reports point out that the first installment of arrears will be paid to central government employees in September itself giving a much needed relief to hundreds of thousands of central government employees.
The wage hike would increasee the financial implication for the Centre by Rs 17,798 crore annually and the arrears with effect from January 2006 would cost Rs 29,373 crore, Information and Broadcasting Minister P R Dasmunsi told reporters after the Cabinet meeting. The financial implication of Pay Commission on the General Budget would be Rs 15,717 crore and Rs 6414 crore on Railway Budget in 2008-09. The government’s present salary bill is over Rs 70,000 crore and the pension bill is over Rs 30,000 crore.
6th Pay Commission Highlights
The Union Cabinet has given its approval for implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission. The revised pay scales will come into effect from 1/1/2006 and revised rates of allowances from 1/9/2008. The Cabinet has also decided that arrears will be paid in cash in two instalments – first instalment of 40% during the current year (2008-09) and the remaining 60% in the next financial year (2009-10).
2. The Cabinet has broadly accepted the recommendations of Sixth CPC with some modifications in the wake of representations received from various sections/Associations of Central Government employees. The new system of four Pay Bands with 20 Grade Pays recommended by the Commission has been accepted with some minor modifications.
3. The minimum Basic Pay for a Government servant has been increased to Rs.7000 from Rs.6660 recommended by the Sixth CPC. Consequently, the total emoluments of an employee at the lowest level will exceed Rs.10,000 p.m., including allowances.
4. The other highlights of the Cabinet decision covering all Government employees including the Defence Forces are:-
(i) Enhancement in the fitment in revised pay bands, which was recommended by the Sixth CPC to be based on multiplication factor of 1.74 to 1.86. This would result in increased emoluments for Government employees.
(ii) Increase in the rate of annual increment from 2.5% to 3%.
(iii) Removal of Campus restriction for grant of Transport Allowance.
(iv) Increase in Transport Allowance at the lowest level to Rs.600 (from Rs.400 in A-1/A class cities recommended by the Sixth CPC) and Rs.400 (from Rs.300 in other cities recommended by the Sixth CPC).
(v) At least three promotions have been assured for all Defence Forces’ personnel and civilian employees under the modified Assured Career Progression (ACP) Scheme. While the civilians would get it after 10, 20 and 30 years of service, the Defence Forces Jawans would get ACP
5. For the Armed Forces personnel, the Commission, for the first time recommended a Military Service Pay (MSP). The Cabinet has increased the rate of MSP for PBORs to Rs.2000 from Rs.1000 recommended by the Commission. The Officers of the Defence Forces would get an MSP of Rs.6000 over and above their Pay.
6. The middle level officers of the Defence Forces namely Colonels and Brigadiers have been placed in the highest Pay Band of PB-4.
7. Senior Lt. Generals overlooked for promotion as Army Commanders due to lack of residual service would now get the grade of Army Commander (Secretary’s grade). In the case of existing Major Generals/Lt. Generals, MSP will be taken into account notionally for fixation of pay on 1/1/2006.
8. As replacement of the pay scale of Rs.24050-26000, a separate pay scale has been carved for DGPs, PCCFs, GM (Railways), members of the Boards of Income Tax, Customs & Central Excise, Postal and Ordnance Factories, among others, who were in this pre-revised scale. This would take them to the level of Rs.80000 in two years as against three years in the pre-revised scale.
9. Further, the IPS Pay Rules and the Indian Forest Service Pay Rules will be appropriately modified to provide in each State cadre one post of DGP and one post of PCCF at the apex level of Rs.80000 for heading their respective Forces.
10. Middle level Police and Civilian officers i.e. DIGs, Conservator of Forests, Scientists E & F, Superintending Engineers, Directors, Additional Commissioners of Income Tax and Central Excise and posts in equivalent grades have also been placed in PB-4.
11. Other salient decisions taken by the Cabinet are:-
(i) The lower limits of Disability Pension for Defence personnel to be doubled from Rs.1550 to Rs.3100. War Disability Pension to be granted at 60%;
(ii) The rates of Special Forces Allowance for Army and Air Force to be equated with navy’s Marine Commando Allowance;
(iii) For the officers of Central Para Military Forces, all the posts of Additional DIG upgraded to DIG level by the Pay Commission to continue to be manned by the cadre officers of CPMFs;
(iv) For the Railway employees who are in receipt of Running Allowance, this allowance will be taken into account while fixing their pay in revised pay bands;
(v) Government has continued the present position of granting Group A scale to Group B officers after 4 years of service and these officers would be placed in PB-3 instead of PB-2 recommended by the Sixth CPC. This would benefit Group B officers of the Railways, Accounts Services, CSS, CSSS and DANICS & DANIPS.
(vi) For Doctors, the Cabinet has approved promotions under the Dynamic ACP Scheme upto Senior Administrative Grade (Joint Secretary level) for Doctors with 20 years of service. Counting of Dearness Allowance (DA) on Non-Practicing Allowance (NPA) as on 01.01.2006 for fixing their pay in revised pay bands has also been approved;
(vii) For the scientists, continuation of the existing system of grant of Special Pay of Rs.2000 p.m. to Scientists G on promotion and doubling of the amount to Rs.4000 p.m. in Departments of Space and Atomic Energy and Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) has been recommended.
12. The financial implications in 2008-09 on account of the implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission as modified by the Cabinet will be around Rs.15700 crore on the Central Budget and Rs.6400 crore on the Railway Budget.
Tags: sixth pay commission notification,6th pay commission notification
Source: www.khabrein.info
New Delhi, Aug 28: The long wait is over. The government is all set to issue the notification of the 6th Pay Commission’s recommendation tomorrow, Friday.
This is sure to be a big relief for 5.5 million central government employees who have been anxiously awaiting the notification.
This will not only clear the air but the central government employees will also be in a better position to figure out the details and will know precisely what they are going to get as their final payments.
Besides they would be able to know clearly the allowances and other benefits that sixth pay commission awards them.
The final draft that the union cabinet approved on 14th August had been improved upon by the government. Several grouses of different sections of the employees were taken into account, particularly the grouses of army officials were considered and anomalies removed.
The reports point out that the first installment of arrears will be paid to central government employees in September itself giving a much needed relief to hundreds of thousands of central government employees.
The wage hike would increasee the financial implication for the Centre by Rs 17,798 crore annually and the arrears with effect from January 2006 would cost Rs 29,373 crore, Information and Broadcasting Minister P R Dasmunsi told reporters after the Cabinet meeting. The financial implication of Pay Commission on the General Budget would be Rs 15,717 crore and Rs 6414 crore on Railway Budget in 2008-09. The government’s present salary bill is over Rs 70,000 crore and the pension bill is over Rs 30,000 crore.
6th Pay Commission Highlights
The Union Cabinet has given its approval for implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission. The revised pay scales will come into effect from 1/1/2006 and revised rates of allowances from 1/9/2008. The Cabinet has also decided that arrears will be paid in cash in two instalments – first instalment of 40% during the current year (2008-09) and the remaining 60% in the next financial year (2009-10).
2. The Cabinet has broadly accepted the recommendations of Sixth CPC with some modifications in the wake of representations received from various sections/Associations of Central Government employees. The new system of four Pay Bands with 20 Grade Pays recommended by the Commission has been accepted with some minor modifications.
3. The minimum Basic Pay for a Government servant has been increased to Rs.7000 from Rs.6660 recommended by the Sixth CPC. Consequently, the total emoluments of an employee at the lowest level will exceed Rs.10,000 p.m., including allowances.
4. The other highlights of the Cabinet decision covering all Government employees including the Defence Forces are:-
(i) Enhancement in the fitment in revised pay bands, which was recommended by the Sixth CPC to be based on multiplication factor of 1.74 to 1.86. This would result in increased emoluments for Government employees.
(ii) Increase in the rate of annual increment from 2.5% to 3%.
(iii) Removal of Campus restriction for grant of Transport Allowance.
(iv) Increase in Transport Allowance at the lowest level to Rs.600 (from Rs.400 in A-1/A class cities recommended by the Sixth CPC) and Rs.400 (from Rs.300 in other cities recommended by the Sixth CPC).
(v) At least three promotions have been assured for all Defence Forces’ personnel and civilian employees under the modified Assured Career Progression (ACP) Scheme. While the civilians would get it after 10, 20 and 30 years of service, the Defence Forces Jawans would get ACP
5. For the Armed Forces personnel, the Commission, for the first time recommended a Military Service Pay (MSP). The Cabinet has increased the rate of MSP for PBORs to Rs.2000 from Rs.1000 recommended by the Commission. The Officers of the Defence Forces would get an MSP of Rs.6000 over and above their Pay.
6. The middle level officers of the Defence Forces namely Colonels and Brigadiers have been placed in the highest Pay Band of PB-4.
7. Senior Lt. Generals overlooked for promotion as Army Commanders due to lack of residual service would now get the grade of Army Commander (Secretary’s grade). In the case of existing Major Generals/Lt. Generals, MSP will be taken into account notionally for fixation of pay on 1/1/2006.
8. As replacement of the pay scale of Rs.24050-26000, a separate pay scale has been carved for DGPs, PCCFs, GM (Railways), members of the Boards of Income Tax, Customs & Central Excise, Postal and Ordnance Factories, among others, who were in this pre-revised scale. This would take them to the level of Rs.80000 in two years as against three years in the pre-revised scale.
9. Further, the IPS Pay Rules and the Indian Forest Service Pay Rules will be appropriately modified to provide in each State cadre one post of DGP and one post of PCCF at the apex level of Rs.80000 for heading their respective Forces.
10. Middle level Police and Civilian officers i.e. DIGs, Conservator of Forests, Scientists E & F, Superintending Engineers, Directors, Additional Commissioners of Income Tax and Central Excise and posts in equivalent grades have also been placed in PB-4.
11. Other salient decisions taken by the Cabinet are:-
(i) The lower limits of Disability Pension for Defence personnel to be doubled from Rs.1550 to Rs.3100. War Disability Pension to be granted at 60%;
(ii) The rates of Special Forces Allowance for Army and Air Force to be equated with navy’s Marine Commando Allowance;
(iii) For the officers of Central Para Military Forces, all the posts of Additional DIG upgraded to DIG level by the Pay Commission to continue to be manned by the cadre officers of CPMFs;
(iv) For the Railway employees who are in receipt of Running Allowance, this allowance will be taken into account while fixing their pay in revised pay bands;
(v) Government has continued the present position of granting Group A scale to Group B officers after 4 years of service and these officers would be placed in PB-3 instead of PB-2 recommended by the Sixth CPC. This would benefit Group B officers of the Railways, Accounts Services, CSS, CSSS and DANICS & DANIPS.
(vi) For Doctors, the Cabinet has approved promotions under the Dynamic ACP Scheme upto Senior Administrative Grade (Joint Secretary level) for Doctors with 20 years of service. Counting of Dearness Allowance (DA) on Non-Practicing Allowance (NPA) as on 01.01.2006 for fixing their pay in revised pay bands has also been approved;
(vii) For the scientists, continuation of the existing system of grant of Special Pay of Rs.2000 p.m. to Scientists G on promotion and doubling of the amount to Rs.4000 p.m. in Departments of Space and Atomic Energy and Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) has been recommended.
12. The financial implications in 2008-09 on account of the implementation of the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission as modified by the Cabinet will be around Rs.15700 crore on the Central Budget and Rs.6400 crore on the Railway Budget.
Tags: sixth pay commission notification,6th pay commission notification
Source: www.khabrein.info
Bangalore
Bangalore officially Bengaluru is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration.
Though historical references to the city predate 900 CE, a modern written history of continuous settlement exists only from 1537, when Kempe Gowda I, who many regard as the architect of modern Bangalore, built a mud fort in the city and established it as a province of the imperial Vijayanagara Empire. During the British Raj, it became a centre for colonial rule in South India. The establishment of the Bangalore Cantonment brought in large numbers of migrants from other parts of the country. Since independence in 1947, Bangalore grew to become the capital of Karnataka state. Today, as a large and growing metropolitan in the developing world, Bangalore is home to some of the most well-recognized colleges and research institutions in India, and has the second-highest literacy rate for an Indian metropolis.
Bangalore is home to numerous public sectors such as heavy industries, software companies, aerospace, telecommunications, machine tools, heavy equipment, and defence establishments. Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of India owing to its pre-eminent position as the leading contributor to India's IT industry. Bangalore has developed into one of India's major economic hubs and was mentioned by CNN as one of the "best places to do business in the wired world".
Coordinates: 12°58′00″N 77°34′00″E / 12.966667, 77.566667
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
• Elevation 741 km² (286 sq mi)
• 920 m (3,018 ft)
Region Bayaluseeme
District(s) Bangalore Urban
Population
• Density 6,200,000 (3rd) (2007)
• 8,367 /km² (21,670 /sq mi)
Commissioner Dr. S. Subramanya
Codes
• Pincode
• Telephone
• UN/LOCODE
• Vehicle
• 560 xxx
• +91-(0)80
• IN BLR
• KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04, KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53
Etymology
The name Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's name in the Kannada language, Bengalūru. The earliest reference to the name "Bengaluru" was found in a ninth century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vīra kallu" (ವೀರ ಗಲ್ಲು) (literally, "hero stone", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in Begur, "Bengaluru" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890. It states that the place was part of the Ganga kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Old Kannada.[5] An article, published in The Hindu, states:[6]
An inscription, dating back to 890 CE, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city...written in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) of the 9th century CE, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died. Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it.
An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-uru" (Kannada: ಬೆಂದಕಾಳೂರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually simplified to "Bengalūru".
On December 11, 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengaluru, which is its name in Kannada.[9] On September 27, 2006, the Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change,[10] which was accepted by the Government of Karnataka and it was decided to officially implement the name change from November 1, 2006. However, this process has been currently stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the Union Home Ministry.
History
Lady Curzon hospital in the Bangalore Cantonment was established in 1864 and later named after the first wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.Main article: History of Bangalore
After centuries of the rule of the Western Gangas, Bengaluru was captured by the Cholas in 1024 which later passed on to the Chalukya-cholas in 1070. In 1116 the Hoysala Empire, overthrew the Cholas and extended its rule over Bangalore. Modern Bangalore was founded by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort and a Nandi Temple in the proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandu bhűmi" or "Land of Heroes".[8]
Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions called "pētēs" (IPA: [pe:te:]). The town had two main streets: Chikkapētē Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapētē Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapētē Square — the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four famous towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.[13] During the Vijayanagara rule, Bangalore was also referred to as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" ("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. In 1638, a large Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by Shahji Bhonsle defeated Kempe Gowda III and Bangalore was given to Shahji as a jagir. In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and then sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 rupees.[14][15] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of Mysore. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore. Bangalore was eventually incorporated into the British Indian Empire after Tippu Sultan was defeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). The British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the Maharaja of Mysore, choosing only to retain the Cantonment under their jurisdiction. The 'Residency' of Mysore State was first established at Mysore in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. It was abolished in the year 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British, found it easier to recruit employees in the Madras Presidency and relocate them to cantonment area during this period. The Kingdom of Mysore relocated its capital from Mysore city to Bangalore in 1831.[16] Two important developments during this period contributed to the rapid growth of the city: the introduction of telegraph connections and a rail connection to Madras in 1864.
Bangalore Palace, built in 1887, was home to the rulers of MysoreIn the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas, and the "cantonment" created by the British, whose residents were predominantly Tamils. [17] Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that dramatically reduced its population. New extensions in Malleshwara and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, and a health officer was appointed to the city in 1898. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in India to have electricity, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to beautify the city. After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the new Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.[13] In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as Motor Industries Company (MICO; a subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Bangalore experienced a boom in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows to multi-storied apartments.[18] In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational to set up base in Bangalore. Other Information Technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon Valley of India.
Geography and climate
Main article: Bangalore Metropolitan Environment
The Hesaraghatta Lake in BangaloreBangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,018 ft). It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of 741 km² (286 mi²).[1] The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.
The topology of Bangalore is flat except for a central ridge running NNE-SSW. The highest point is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.[19] No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.[20]
Climate chart for Bangalore
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3 2715 7 3017 4 3219 46 3422 120 3321 81 2920 110 2820 137 2719 195 2819 180 2819 64 2717 22 2616
temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion[show]
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1 8159 0.3 8562 0.2 9067 1.8 9271 4.7 9170 3.2 8568 4.3 8267 5.4 8167 7.7 8267 7.1 8266 2.5 8063 0.9 7960
temperatures in °F
precipitation totals in inches
In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.[21] Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.[23] Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.
Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys salubrious climate throughout the year, although freak heat waves can make things very uncomfortable in the summer.[25] The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 33.6 °C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 38.9 °C and the lowest ever is 7.8 °C (on January 1884). Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order.The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 millimetres (7.0 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.
Civic Administration
See also: Infrastructure in Bangalore
Bangalore City officials
Administrator S. Dilip Rau
Municipal Commissioner Dr. S. Subramanya
Police Commissioner Shankar Bidari [30]
The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city.[31] It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with the neighbouring 7 City Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore.
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike is run by a city council. The city council comprises elected representatives, called "corporators", one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every 5 years, with results being decided by popular vote. A mayor and commissioner of the council are also elected through a quota system from a Scheduled Castes and Tribes candidate or to an Other Backward Class female candidate. Members contesting elections to the council represent one of more of the state's political parties. However, elections to the newly-created body are yet to be held, due to delays in delimitation of wards and finalising voter lists. There are expected to be about 150 wards, up from the 100 wards of the old Bangalore Mahanagara Palike. Elections are tentatively scheduled to be held in early 2008.
The Karnataka High Court is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore.Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) scored poorly.[32] The BMP has been criticised by the Karnataka High Court, citizens and corporations for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of Bangalore.[33] The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.[32] In 2005 both the Central Government and the State Government allocated considerable portions of their annual budgets to address Bangalore's infrastructure.[34] The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike works with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) to design and implement civic projects. Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.
The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.[36] As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes two members to India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, and 24 members to the Karnataka State Assembly.[37] In 2007, the Delimitation Commission of India reorganised the constituencies based on the 2001 census, and thus the number of Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in Bangalore has been increased to 28 and 3 respectively. These changes will take effect from the next elections. Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Like many cities in India, Bangalore experiences scheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Bangalore
The Public Utilities Building is located on MG Road, a major commercial center in Bangalore.Bangalore's Rs 260,260 crore (US$ 100 billion) economy (2002–03 Net District Income) makes it a major economic centre in India.[39] With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the fastest growing major metropolis in India [40]. Additionally, Bangalore is India's fourth largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. [41] The city is the third largest hub for high net worth individuals and is home to over 10,000 dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investable surplus of Rs. 4.5 crore (US$ 1 million) and Rs. 50 lakh (US$ 116,000) respectively.[42] As of 2001, Bangalore's share of Rs. 1,660 crore (US$ 400 million) in Foreign Direct Investment was the fourth highest for an Indian city.[43]
In the 1940, industrial visionaries such as Sir Mirza Ismail and Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya played an important role in the development of Bangalore's strong manufacturing and industrial base.
The headquarters of several public sector undertakings such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) and Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) are located in Bangalore. In June 1972 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city.
The headquarters of Infosys, India's second largest IT company, is located in BangaloreBangalore is called the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's Rs. 144,214 crore (US$ 33 billion) IT exports in 2006-07.[44] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main "clusters" — Software Technology Parks of India, Bangalore (STPI); International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), formerly International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL); and Electronics City. UB City, the headquarters of the United Breweries Group, is a high-end commercial zone.[45] Infosys and Wipro, India's second and third largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore as are many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies.
The growth of Information Technology has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.[46] Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company.
Transport
The Bengaluru International Airport is located in Devanahalli.Bangalore is served by the newly-built Bengaluru International Airport (IATA code: BLR) which started operations from 24 May 2008. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport which was India's fourth busiest airport. Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines have their headquarters in Bangalore.
A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being developed and is expected to be operational by 2011. Once completed, this will encompass a 33 km (20.5 mi) elevated and underground rail network, with 32 stations in Phase I and more being added in Phase II.[53] Bangalore is well connected to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways. The Rajdhani Express connects Bangalore to New Delhi, the capital of India. The city is also connected to Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad, as well as other major cities in Karnataka.
Autorickshaws are a popular form of transport in the city.Three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport.[55] They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxi service within Bangalore is provided by several operators commonly referred to as Citi taxis which can carry up to four passengers and are usually metered and more expensive than auto-rickshaws.
Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are also a means of public transport available in the city.[56] While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC also runs air-conditioned, red-coloured Volvo buses on major routes.[56] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation runs 10,400 buses, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other states.
Demographics
Population Growth
Census Pop. %±
1971 1,654,000 —
1981 2,922,000 76.7%
1991 4,130,000 41.3%
2001 5,701,000 38.0%
Source: Census of India
The Nandi Temple is a famous temple located in Basavanagudi, Bangalore.With an estimated population of 5,281,927 in the year 2007, Bangalore is the third most populous city in India and the 27th most populous city in the world.[58] With a decadal growth rate of 38%, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi for the decade 1991–2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as Bangaloreans in English or Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada. Kannadigas formed about 39% of the population, by some estimates[59][60], while non-Kannadigas form the rest of the population.
The cosmopolitan nature of the city has caused people from other states of India to migrate to Bangalore and settle there [61] Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14.3% of the city's population. Apart from English and Kannada, other major languages spoken in the city are Telugu, Tamil and Hindi.
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.37% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the national average.[63] Muslims comprise 13.37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5.79% and 1.05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. Anglo-Indians also form a substantial group within the city. Women make up 47.5% of Bangalore's population. Bangalore has the second highest literacy rate (83%) for an Indian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums[64] — a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (42%) and Nairobi (60%).[65] The 2004 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9.2% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accounted for 15.7% and 9.5% respectively.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Bangalore
The Lal Bagh Glass House, famous for its flower shows, is now a heritage monument.
Brigade Road is a popular commercial district in Bangalore.Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery and the presence of many public parks, including the Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. Dasara, a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore, is the state festival and is celebrated with great vigour. Deepavali, the "Festival of Lights", transcends demographic and religious lines and is another important festival. Other traditional Indian festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Sankranthi, Eid ul-Fitr, and Christmas are also celebrated. Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year.[68]. One of the most notable contributors to Sandalwood, as the Kannada Movie Industry is referred to, was the late Dr. Rajkumar.
The diversity of cuisine available is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city. Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.
Bangalore is also a major center of Indian classical music and dance. Classical music and dance recitals are widely held throughout the year and particularly during the Ramanavami and Ganesha Chaturthi festivals. The Bengaluru Gayana Samaja has been at the forefront of promoting classical music and dance in the city. The city also has a vibrant Kannada theater scene with organisations like Ranga Shankara leading the way.
Bangalore is also sometimes called as the "Pub Capital of India" and is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.[69] The city, due to the influx of mainly software professionals, in their twenties, from different parts of India, has developed a cosmopolitan culture and attitude. This has made Bangalore a dynamic and eventful city.
Sister Cities
Minsk, Belarus.
San Francisco, California, United States.
Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
Kharkiv, Kharkiv oblast, Ukraine
Sports
An India vs. Pakistan cricket match at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore.Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Bangalore. A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former Indian cricket team captain Rahul Dravid, current test captain Anil Kumble and Robin Uthappa (others). Many children play gully cricket on the roads and in the city's many public fields. Bangalore's main international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 40,000 and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup. The Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Bangalore Royal Challengers and the Premier Hockey League (PHL) franchise Bangalore Hi-fliers are based in the city. India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna also reside in Bangalore. The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September, 2008, Bangalore will also host the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually. Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club,The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore. The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC is based in Bangalore.
Education
Indian Institute of Science - the premier institute of science in India.See also: Education in India and List of Bangalore colleges
Till the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly undertaken in schools that were run by religious leaders and restricted to pupils of that religion.[78] The western system of education came into vogue during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar when two schools were established in Bangalore. This was followed by a school established by the Wesleyan Mission in 1851 and the Bangalore High School which was started by the Government in 1858.
In the present day, schools for young children in Bangalore are mainly based on the kindergarten form of education.Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to any one of the boards of education like the Karnataka state board, ICSE, CBSE, National Open School (NOS), IGCSE and IB.[81] There are three kinds of schools in Bangalore viz. government (run by the government), aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and un-aided private (no financial aid is provided). After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in Junior College (also known as Pre-University) in one of three streams—Arts, Commerce or Science. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees.
Bangalore is also the home of the Bangalore University which was established in 1964. Around 500 colleges, having a total student strength of 300 thousand are affiliated to this university. The university has two campuses within Bangalore; Jnanabharathi and Central College.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore which was established in 1909 is the premier institute for scientific research and study in India.[85] Bangalore is also the home of colleges like the National Law School of India University (NLSIU) which is one of the most sought after law colleges in India,Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore which is one of the premier management schools in India and the Indian Statistical Institute, which is one of the top schools of India in the fields of statistics, mathematics, economics, operations research and information science.
Media
Vijaya Karnataka is the largest circulating Kannada newspaper in Bangalore.The first printing-press was established in Bangalore in the year 1840. In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore[87] and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.[86] Currently, Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Praja Vani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printer's (Mysore) Limited - the largest print media house in Karnataka.
Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on November 2, 1955.[90] The radio transmission was AM, until in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore.[91] In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore. The city also has various clubs for HAM radio enthusiasts.
Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from November 1, 1981.[94] A production center was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on November 19, 1983.[94] Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on August 15, 1991 which is now christened DD Chandana.[94] The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels.[95] Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years[96], the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.[97] Direct To Home services are also available in Bangalore now.
The first internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s.[99] This internet service was however restricted to corporates, until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of broadband internet connections in India.
Source: wikipedia.org
Though historical references to the city predate 900 CE, a modern written history of continuous settlement exists only from 1537, when Kempe Gowda I, who many regard as the architect of modern Bangalore, built a mud fort in the city and established it as a province of the imperial Vijayanagara Empire. During the British Raj, it became a centre for colonial rule in South India. The establishment of the Bangalore Cantonment brought in large numbers of migrants from other parts of the country. Since independence in 1947, Bangalore grew to become the capital of Karnataka state. Today, as a large and growing metropolitan in the developing world, Bangalore is home to some of the most well-recognized colleges and research institutions in India, and has the second-highest literacy rate for an Indian metropolis.
Bangalore is home to numerous public sectors such as heavy industries, software companies, aerospace, telecommunications, machine tools, heavy equipment, and defence establishments. Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of India owing to its pre-eminent position as the leading contributor to India's IT industry. Bangalore has developed into one of India's major economic hubs and was mentioned by CNN as one of the "best places to do business in the wired world".
Coordinates: 12°58′00″N 77°34′00″E / 12.966667, 77.566667
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
• Elevation 741 km² (286 sq mi)
• 920 m (3,018 ft)
Region Bayaluseeme
District(s) Bangalore Urban
Population
• Density 6,200,000 (3rd) (2007)
• 8,367 /km² (21,670 /sq mi)
Commissioner Dr. S. Subramanya
Codes
• Pincode
• Telephone
• UN/LOCODE
• Vehicle
• 560 xxx
• +91-(0)80
• IN BLR
• KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04, KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53
Etymology
The name Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's name in the Kannada language, Bengalūru. The earliest reference to the name "Bengaluru" was found in a ninth century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vīra kallu" (ವೀರ ಗಲ್ಲು) (literally, "hero stone", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In this inscription found in Begur, "Bengaluru" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890. It states that the place was part of the Ganga kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Old Kannada.[5] An article, published in The Hindu, states:[6]
An inscription, dating back to 890 CE, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old. But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city...written in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) of the 9th century CE, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died. Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it.
An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-uru" (Kannada: ಬೆಂದಕಾಳೂರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually simplified to "Bengalūru".
On December 11, 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengaluru, which is its name in Kannada.[9] On September 27, 2006, the Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change,[10] which was accepted by the Government of Karnataka and it was decided to officially implement the name change from November 1, 2006. However, this process has been currently stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the Union Home Ministry.
History
Lady Curzon hospital in the Bangalore Cantonment was established in 1864 and later named after the first wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.Main article: History of Bangalore
After centuries of the rule of the Western Gangas, Bengaluru was captured by the Cholas in 1024 which later passed on to the Chalukya-cholas in 1070. In 1116 the Hoysala Empire, overthrew the Cholas and extended its rule over Bangalore. Modern Bangalore was founded by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort and a Nandi Temple in the proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandu bhűmi" or "Land of Heroes".[8]
Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions called "pētēs" (IPA: [pe:te:]). The town had two main streets: Chikkapētē Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapētē Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapētē Square — the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four famous towers that marked Bangalore's boundary.[13] During the Vijayanagara rule, Bangalore was also referred to as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" ("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. In 1638, a large Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by Shahji Bhonsle defeated Kempe Gowda III and Bangalore was given to Shahji as a jagir. In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and then sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 rupees.[14][15] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of Mysore. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore. Bangalore was eventually incorporated into the British Indian Empire after Tippu Sultan was defeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). The British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the Maharaja of Mysore, choosing only to retain the Cantonment under their jurisdiction. The 'Residency' of Mysore State was first established at Mysore in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. It was abolished in the year 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British, found it easier to recruit employees in the Madras Presidency and relocate them to cantonment area during this period. The Kingdom of Mysore relocated its capital from Mysore city to Bangalore in 1831.[16] Two important developments during this period contributed to the rapid growth of the city: the introduction of telegraph connections and a rail connection to Madras in 1864.
Bangalore Palace, built in 1887, was home to the rulers of MysoreIn the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas, and the "cantonment" created by the British, whose residents were predominantly Tamils. [17] Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that dramatically reduced its population. New extensions in Malleshwara and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, and a health officer was appointed to the city in 1898. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in India to have electricity, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to beautify the city. After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the new Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.[13] In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as Motor Industries Company (MICO; a subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Bangalore experienced a boom in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows to multi-storied apartments.[18] In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational to set up base in Bangalore. Other Information Technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon Valley of India.
Geography and climate
Main article: Bangalore Metropolitan Environment
The Hesaraghatta Lake in BangaloreBangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,018 ft). It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of 741 km² (286 mi²).[1] The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.
The topology of Bangalore is flat except for a central ridge running NNE-SSW. The highest point is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.[19] No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.[20]
Climate chart for Bangalore
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3 2715 7 3017 4 3219 46 3422 120 3321 81 2920 110 2820 137 2719 195 2819 180 2819 64 2717 22 2616
temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm
source: World Weather Information Service
Imperial conversion[show]
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1 8159 0.3 8562 0.2 9067 1.8 9271 4.7 9170 3.2 8568 4.3 8267 5.4 8167 7.7 8267 7.1 8266 2.5 8063 0.9 7960
temperatures in °F
precipitation totals in inches
In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.[21] Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.[23] Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5.
Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys salubrious climate throughout the year, although freak heat waves can make things very uncomfortable in the summer.[25] The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 33.6 °C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 38.9 °C and the lowest ever is 7.8 °C (on January 1884). Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order.The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 millimetres (7.0 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.
Civic Administration
See also: Infrastructure in Bangalore
Bangalore City officials
Administrator S. Dilip Rau
Municipal Commissioner Dr. S. Subramanya
Police Commissioner Shankar Bidari [30]
The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city.[31] It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with the neighbouring 7 City Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore.
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike is run by a city council. The city council comprises elected representatives, called "corporators", one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every 5 years, with results being decided by popular vote. A mayor and commissioner of the council are also elected through a quota system from a Scheduled Castes and Tribes candidate or to an Other Backward Class female candidate. Members contesting elections to the council represent one of more of the state's political parties. However, elections to the newly-created body are yet to be held, due to delays in delimitation of wards and finalising voter lists. There are expected to be about 150 wards, up from the 100 wards of the old Bangalore Mahanagara Palike. Elections are tentatively scheduled to be held in early 2008.
The Karnataka High Court is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore.Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) scored poorly.[32] The BMP has been criticised by the Karnataka High Court, citizens and corporations for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of Bangalore.[33] The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems.
Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.[32] In 2005 both the Central Government and the State Government allocated considerable portions of their annual budgets to address Bangalore's infrastructure.[34] The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike works with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) to design and implement civic projects. Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.
The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.[36] As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes two members to India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, and 24 members to the Karnataka State Assembly.[37] In 2007, the Delimitation Commission of India reorganised the constituencies based on the 2001 census, and thus the number of Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in Bangalore has been increased to 28 and 3 respectively. These changes will take effect from the next elections. Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Like many cities in India, Bangalore experiences scheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Bangalore
The Public Utilities Building is located on MG Road, a major commercial center in Bangalore.Bangalore's Rs 260,260 crore (US$ 100 billion) economy (2002–03 Net District Income) makes it a major economic centre in India.[39] With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the fastest growing major metropolis in India [40]. Additionally, Bangalore is India's fourth largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. [41] The city is the third largest hub for high net worth individuals and is home to over 10,000 dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investable surplus of Rs. 4.5 crore (US$ 1 million) and Rs. 50 lakh (US$ 116,000) respectively.[42] As of 2001, Bangalore's share of Rs. 1,660 crore (US$ 400 million) in Foreign Direct Investment was the fourth highest for an Indian city.[43]
In the 1940, industrial visionaries such as Sir Mirza Ismail and Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya played an important role in the development of Bangalore's strong manufacturing and industrial base.
The headquarters of several public sector undertakings such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) and Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) are located in Bangalore. In June 1972 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city.
The headquarters of Infosys, India's second largest IT company, is located in BangaloreBangalore is called the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's Rs. 144,214 crore (US$ 33 billion) IT exports in 2006-07.[44] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main "clusters" — Software Technology Parks of India, Bangalore (STPI); International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), formerly International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL); and Electronics City. UB City, the headquarters of the United Breweries Group, is a high-end commercial zone.[45] Infosys and Wipro, India's second and third largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore as are many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies.
The growth of Information Technology has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.[46] Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company.
Transport
The Bengaluru International Airport is located in Devanahalli.Bangalore is served by the newly-built Bengaluru International Airport (IATA code: BLR) which started operations from 24 May 2008. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport which was India's fourth busiest airport. Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines have their headquarters in Bangalore.
A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being developed and is expected to be operational by 2011. Once completed, this will encompass a 33 km (20.5 mi) elevated and underground rail network, with 32 stations in Phase I and more being added in Phase II.[53] Bangalore is well connected to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways. The Rajdhani Express connects Bangalore to New Delhi, the capital of India. The city is also connected to Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad, as well as other major cities in Karnataka.
Autorickshaws are a popular form of transport in the city.Three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport.[55] They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxi service within Bangalore is provided by several operators commonly referred to as Citi taxis which can carry up to four passengers and are usually metered and more expensive than auto-rickshaws.
Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are also a means of public transport available in the city.[56] While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC also runs air-conditioned, red-coloured Volvo buses on major routes.[56] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation runs 10,400 buses, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other states.
Demographics
Population Growth
Census Pop. %±
1971 1,654,000 —
1981 2,922,000 76.7%
1991 4,130,000 41.3%
2001 5,701,000 38.0%
Source: Census of India
The Nandi Temple is a famous temple located in Basavanagudi, Bangalore.With an estimated population of 5,281,927 in the year 2007, Bangalore is the third most populous city in India and the 27th most populous city in the world.[58] With a decadal growth rate of 38%, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi for the decade 1991–2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as Bangaloreans in English or Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada. Kannadigas formed about 39% of the population, by some estimates[59][60], while non-Kannadigas form the rest of the population.
The cosmopolitan nature of the city has caused people from other states of India to migrate to Bangalore and settle there [61] Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14.3% of the city's population. Apart from English and Kannada, other major languages spoken in the city are Telugu, Tamil and Hindi.
According to the 2001 census of India, 79.37% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the national average.[63] Muslims comprise 13.37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5.79% and 1.05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. Anglo-Indians also form a substantial group within the city. Women make up 47.5% of Bangalore's population. Bangalore has the second highest literacy rate (83%) for an Indian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums[64] — a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (42%) and Nairobi (60%).[65] The 2004 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9.2% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accounted for 15.7% and 9.5% respectively.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Bangalore
The Lal Bagh Glass House, famous for its flower shows, is now a heritage monument.
Brigade Road is a popular commercial district in Bangalore.Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery and the presence of many public parks, including the Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. Dasara, a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore, is the state festival and is celebrated with great vigour. Deepavali, the "Festival of Lights", transcends demographic and religious lines and is another important festival. Other traditional Indian festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Sankranthi, Eid ul-Fitr, and Christmas are also celebrated. Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year.[68]. One of the most notable contributors to Sandalwood, as the Kannada Movie Industry is referred to, was the late Dr. Rajkumar.
The diversity of cuisine available is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city. Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.
Bangalore is also a major center of Indian classical music and dance. Classical music and dance recitals are widely held throughout the year and particularly during the Ramanavami and Ganesha Chaturthi festivals. The Bengaluru Gayana Samaja has been at the forefront of promoting classical music and dance in the city. The city also has a vibrant Kannada theater scene with organisations like Ranga Shankara leading the way.
Bangalore is also sometimes called as the "Pub Capital of India" and is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.[69] The city, due to the influx of mainly software professionals, in their twenties, from different parts of India, has developed a cosmopolitan culture and attitude. This has made Bangalore a dynamic and eventful city.
Sister Cities
Minsk, Belarus.
San Francisco, California, United States.
Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
Kharkiv, Kharkiv oblast, Ukraine
Sports
An India vs. Pakistan cricket match at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore.Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Bangalore. A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former Indian cricket team captain Rahul Dravid, current test captain Anil Kumble and Robin Uthappa (others). Many children play gully cricket on the roads and in the city's many public fields. Bangalore's main international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 40,000 and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup. The Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Bangalore Royal Challengers and the Premier Hockey League (PHL) franchise Bangalore Hi-fliers are based in the city. India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna also reside in Bangalore. The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September, 2008, Bangalore will also host the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually. Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club,The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore. The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC is based in Bangalore.
Education
Indian Institute of Science - the premier institute of science in India.See also: Education in India and List of Bangalore colleges
Till the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly undertaken in schools that were run by religious leaders and restricted to pupils of that religion.[78] The western system of education came into vogue during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar when two schools were established in Bangalore. This was followed by a school established by the Wesleyan Mission in 1851 and the Bangalore High School which was started by the Government in 1858.
In the present day, schools for young children in Bangalore are mainly based on the kindergarten form of education.Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to any one of the boards of education like the Karnataka state board, ICSE, CBSE, National Open School (NOS), IGCSE and IB.[81] There are three kinds of schools in Bangalore viz. government (run by the government), aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and un-aided private (no financial aid is provided). After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in Junior College (also known as Pre-University) in one of three streams—Arts, Commerce or Science. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees.
Bangalore is also the home of the Bangalore University which was established in 1964. Around 500 colleges, having a total student strength of 300 thousand are affiliated to this university. The university has two campuses within Bangalore; Jnanabharathi and Central College.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore which was established in 1909 is the premier institute for scientific research and study in India.[85] Bangalore is also the home of colleges like the National Law School of India University (NLSIU) which is one of the most sought after law colleges in India,Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore which is one of the premier management schools in India and the Indian Statistical Institute, which is one of the top schools of India in the fields of statistics, mathematics, economics, operations research and information science.
Media
Vijaya Karnataka is the largest circulating Kannada newspaper in Bangalore.The first printing-press was established in Bangalore in the year 1840. In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore[87] and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.[86] Currently, Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Praja Vani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printer's (Mysore) Limited - the largest print media house in Karnataka.
Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on November 2, 1955.[90] The radio transmission was AM, until in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore.[91] In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore. The city also has various clubs for HAM radio enthusiasts.
Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from November 1, 1981.[94] A production center was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on November 19, 1983.[94] Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on August 15, 1991 which is now christened DD Chandana.[94] The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels.[95] Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years[96], the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.[97] Direct To Home services are also available in Bangalore now.
The first internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s.[99] This internet service was however restricted to corporates, until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of broadband internet connections in India.
Source: wikipedia.org
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SOAP
SOAP (see below for name and origins) is a protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over computer networks, normally using HTTP/HTTPS. SOAP forms the foundation layer of the web services protocol stack providing a basic messaging framework upon which abstract layers can be built.
As a layman's example of how SOAP procedures can be used, a correctly formatted call could be sent to a Web Service enabled web site - for example, a house price database - with the data ranges needed for a search. The site could then return a formatted XML document with all the required results and associated data (prices, location, features, etc). These could then be integrated directly into a third-party site.
There are several different types of messaging patterns in SOAP, but by far the most common is the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) pattern, in which one network node (the client) sends a request message to another node (the server) and the server immediately sends a response message to the client. SOAP is the successor of XML-RPC, though it borrows its transport and interaction neutrality and the envelope/header/body from elsewhere, probably from WDDX.
The TCP/IP model (RFC 1122)
Application Layer
DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · RTP · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS (and SSL) · SDP · SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · BGP · RIP · (more)
Transport Layer
TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RSVP · ECN · (more)
Internet Layer
IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · ICMP · ICMPv6 · IGMP · IPsec · (more)
Link Layer
ARP · RARP · NDP · OSPF · Tunnels · Media Access Control · Device Drivers · (more)
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History
SOAP once stood for 'Simple Object Access Protocol' but this acronym was dropped with Version 1.2 of the standard, as it was considered to be misleading. Version 1.2 became a W3C Recommendation on June 24, 2003. The acronym is sometimes confused with SOA, or Service-oriented architecture; however SOAP is quite different from SOA.
SOAP was originally designed by Dave Winer, Don Box, Bob Atkinson, and Mohsen Al-Ghosein in 1998, with backing from Microsoft (where Atkinson and Al-Ghosein worked at the time), as an object-access protocol. The SOAP specification is currently maintained by the XML Protocol Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium.
Transport methods
SOAP makes use of an Internet application layer protocol as a transport protocol. Critics have argued that this is an abuse of such protocols, as it is not their intended purpose and therefore not a role they fulfill well. Backers of SOAP have drawn analogies to successful uses of protocols at various levels for tunneling other protocols.[citation needed]
Both SMTP and HTTP are valid application layer protocols used as Transport for SOAP, but HTTP has gained wider acceptance as it works well with today's Internet infrastructure; specifically, HTTP works well with network firewalls. SOAP may also be used over HTTPS (which is the same protocol as HTTP at the application level, but uses an encrypted transport protocol underneath) in either simple or mutual authentication; this is the advocated WS-I method to provide web service security as stated in the WS-I Basic Profile 1.1. This is a major advantage over other distributed protocols like GIOP/IIOP or DCOM which are normally filtered by firewalls. XML was chosen as the standard message format because of its widespread use by major corporations and open source development efforts. Additionally, a wide variety of freely available tools significantly eases the transition to a SOAP-based implementation.
The somewhat lengthy syntax of XML can be both a benefit and a drawback. While it promotes readability for humans, facilitates error detection, and avoids interoperability problems such as byte-order (Endianness), it can retard processing speed and be cumbersome. For example, CORBA, GIOP, ICE, and DCOM use much shorter, binary message formats. On the other hand, hardware appliances are available to accelerate processing of XML messages. Binary XML is also being explored as a means for streamlining the throughput requirements of XML.
Technical critique
Numerous commentators and specialists have discussed the technical advantages and disadvantages of SOAP relative to alternative technologies, and relative to the context of its intended use.
Advantages
Using SOAP over HTTP allows for easier communication through proxies and firewalls than previous remote execution technology.
SOAP is versatile enough to allow for the use of different transport protocols. The standard stacks use HTTP as a transport protocol, but other protocols are also usable (e.g., SMTP).
SOAP is platform independent.
SOAP is language independent.
SOAP is simple and extensible.
Disadvantages
Because of the verbose XML format, SOAP can be considerably slower than competing middleware technologies such as CORBA. This may not be an issue when only small messages are sent. To improve performance for the special case of XML with embedded binary objects, Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism was introduced. Further, to improve the performance of XML in general, there are emerging non-extractive XML processing models, e.g., VTD-XML.
When relying on HTTP as a transport protocol and not using WS-Addressing or an ESB, the roles of the interacting parties are fixed. Only one party (the client) can use the services of the other. Developers must use polling instead of notification in these common cases.
Most uses of HTTP as a transport protocol are done in ignorance of how the operation would be modelled in HTTP[citation needed]. This is by design (with analogy to how different protocols sit on top of each other in the IP stack) but the analogy is imperfect (because the application protocols used as transport protocols are not really transport protocols). Because of this, there is no way to know if the method used is appropriate to the operation. This makes good analysis of the operation at the application-protocol level problematic at best with results that are sub-optimal (if the POST-based binding is used for an application which in HTTP would be more naturally modelled as a GET operation).
Tunneling over an inappropriate transport such as HTTP is disingenuous and counter-productive. A firewall attempts to enforce security policy. If the policy states that HTML (over HTTP) is OK but unknown protocols are not, then layering a remote procedure call mechanism through this is not secure and against the security policy. The choices are to use a new, well-known port and request it be opened for SOAP and other remote-invocation mechanisms, or the firewall is forced to get tougher about packet inspection.
Source: wikipedia.org
As a layman's example of how SOAP procedures can be used, a correctly formatted call could be sent to a Web Service enabled web site - for example, a house price database - with the data ranges needed for a search. The site could then return a formatted XML document with all the required results and associated data (prices, location, features, etc). These could then be integrated directly into a third-party site.
There are several different types of messaging patterns in SOAP, but by far the most common is the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) pattern, in which one network node (the client) sends a request message to another node (the server) and the server immediately sends a response message to the client. SOAP is the successor of XML-RPC, though it borrows its transport and interaction neutrality and the envelope/header/body from elsewhere, probably from WDDX.
The TCP/IP model (RFC 1122)
Application Layer
DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · RTP · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS (and SSL) · SDP · SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · BGP · RIP · (more)
Transport Layer
TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RSVP · ECN · (more)
Internet Layer
IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · ICMP · ICMPv6 · IGMP · IPsec · (more)
Link Layer
ARP · RARP · NDP · OSPF · Tunnels · Media Access Control · Device Drivers · (more)
This box: view • talk • edit
History
SOAP once stood for 'Simple Object Access Protocol' but this acronym was dropped with Version 1.2 of the standard, as it was considered to be misleading. Version 1.2 became a W3C Recommendation on June 24, 2003. The acronym is sometimes confused with SOA, or Service-oriented architecture; however SOAP is quite different from SOA.
SOAP was originally designed by Dave Winer, Don Box, Bob Atkinson, and Mohsen Al-Ghosein in 1998, with backing from Microsoft (where Atkinson and Al-Ghosein worked at the time), as an object-access protocol. The SOAP specification is currently maintained by the XML Protocol Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium.
Transport methods
SOAP makes use of an Internet application layer protocol as a transport protocol. Critics have argued that this is an abuse of such protocols, as it is not their intended purpose and therefore not a role they fulfill well. Backers of SOAP have drawn analogies to successful uses of protocols at various levels for tunneling other protocols.[citation needed]
Both SMTP and HTTP are valid application layer protocols used as Transport for SOAP, but HTTP has gained wider acceptance as it works well with today's Internet infrastructure; specifically, HTTP works well with network firewalls. SOAP may also be used over HTTPS (which is the same protocol as HTTP at the application level, but uses an encrypted transport protocol underneath) in either simple or mutual authentication; this is the advocated WS-I method to provide web service security as stated in the WS-I Basic Profile 1.1. This is a major advantage over other distributed protocols like GIOP/IIOP or DCOM which are normally filtered by firewalls. XML was chosen as the standard message format because of its widespread use by major corporations and open source development efforts. Additionally, a wide variety of freely available tools significantly eases the transition to a SOAP-based implementation.
The somewhat lengthy syntax of XML can be both a benefit and a drawback. While it promotes readability for humans, facilitates error detection, and avoids interoperability problems such as byte-order (Endianness), it can retard processing speed and be cumbersome. For example, CORBA, GIOP, ICE, and DCOM use much shorter, binary message formats. On the other hand, hardware appliances are available to accelerate processing of XML messages. Binary XML is also being explored as a means for streamlining the throughput requirements of XML.
Technical critique
Numerous commentators and specialists have discussed the technical advantages and disadvantages of SOAP relative to alternative technologies, and relative to the context of its intended use.
Advantages
Using SOAP over HTTP allows for easier communication through proxies and firewalls than previous remote execution technology.
SOAP is versatile enough to allow for the use of different transport protocols. The standard stacks use HTTP as a transport protocol, but other protocols are also usable (e.g., SMTP).
SOAP is platform independent.
SOAP is language independent.
SOAP is simple and extensible.
Disadvantages
Because of the verbose XML format, SOAP can be considerably slower than competing middleware technologies such as CORBA. This may not be an issue when only small messages are sent. To improve performance for the special case of XML with embedded binary objects, Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism was introduced. Further, to improve the performance of XML in general, there are emerging non-extractive XML processing models, e.g., VTD-XML.
When relying on HTTP as a transport protocol and not using WS-Addressing or an ESB, the roles of the interacting parties are fixed. Only one party (the client) can use the services of the other. Developers must use polling instead of notification in these common cases.
Most uses of HTTP as a transport protocol are done in ignorance of how the operation would be modelled in HTTP[citation needed]. This is by design (with analogy to how different protocols sit on top of each other in the IP stack) but the analogy is imperfect (because the application protocols used as transport protocols are not really transport protocols). Because of this, there is no way to know if the method used is appropriate to the operation. This makes good analysis of the operation at the application-protocol level problematic at best with results that are sub-optimal (if the POST-based binding is used for an application which in HTTP would be more naturally modelled as a GET operation).
Tunneling over an inappropriate transport such as HTTP is disingenuous and counter-productive. A firewall attempts to enforce security policy. If the policy states that HTML (over HTTP) is OK but unknown protocols are not, then layering a remote procedure call mechanism through this is not secure and against the security policy. The choices are to use a new, well-known port and request it be opened for SOAP and other remote-invocation mechanisms, or the firewall is forced to get tougher about packet inspection.
Source: wikipedia.org
Evolution of Computer
The Evolution of the Computer
First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
Second Generation Computers (1954-1959) - transistor
Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC
Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor
Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond)
--------------------------------
1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
1937 - John V. Atanasoff designed the first digital electronic computer
1939 - Atanasoff and Clifford Berry demonstrate in Nov. the ABC prototype
1941 - Konrad Zuse in Germany developed in secret the Z3
1943 - In Britain, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchley Park to decode German messages
1944 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark I mechanical computer for the Navy
1945 - John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built ENIAC at U of PA for the U.S. Army
1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from National Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output, renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but run out of money, formed in Dec. 1947 the new company Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC).
1948 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark III electronic computer with 5000 tubes
1948 - U of Manchester in Britain developed the SSEM Baby electronic computer with CRT memory
1949 - Mauchly and Eckert in March successfully tested the BINAC stored-program computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive magentic tape drive; Remington Rand bought EMCC Feb. 1950 and provided funds to finish UNIVAC
1950- Commander William C. Norris led Engineering Research Associates to develop the Atlas, based on the secret code-breaking computers used by the Navy in WWII; the Atlas was 38 feet long, 20 feet wide, and used 2700 vacuum tubes
1951 - S. A. Lebedev developed the MESM computer in Russia
1951 - Remington Rand successfully tested UNIVAC March 30, 1951, and announced to the public its sale to the Census Bureau June 14, 1951, the first commercial computer to feature a magnetic tape storage system, the eight UNISERVO tape drives that stood separate from the CPU and control console on the other side of a garage-size room. Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second. The complete UNIVAC system weighed 29,000 pounds, included 5200 vacuum tubes, and an offline typewriter-printer UNIPRINTER with an attached metal tape drive. Later, a punched card-to-tape machine was added to read IBM 80-column and Remington Rand 90-column cards.
1952 - Remington Rand bought the ERA in Dec. 1951 and combined the UNIVAC product line in 1952: the ERA 1101 computer became the UNIVAC 1101. The UNIVAC I was used in November to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the prediction.
1954 - The SAGE aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built. It began in 1954 at MIT's Lincoln Lab with funding from the Air Force. The first of 23 Direction Centers went online in Nov. 1956, and the last in 1962. Each Center had two 55,000-tube computers built by IBM, MIT, AND Bell Labs. The 275-ton computers known as "Clyde" were based on Jay Forrester's Whirlwind I and had magnetic core memory, magentic drum and magnetic tape storage. The Centers were connected by an early network, and pioneered development of the modem and graphics display.
2.Second Generation Computers (1954 -1959) - transistor
Tom Watson, Jr.
1950 - National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) with 10,000 newly developed germanium diodes in its logic circuits, and the first magnetic disk drive designed by Jacob Rabinow
1953 - Tom Watson, Jr., led IBM to introduce the model 604 computer, its first with transistors, that became the basis of the model 608 of 1957, the first solid-state computer for the commercial market. Transistors were expensive at first, cost $8 vs. $.75 for a vacuum tube. But Watson was impressed with the new transistor radios and gave them to his engineers to study. IBM also developed the 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator, the first by IBM to use magnetic drum memory rather punched cards, and began shipment of the 701 scientific "Defense Calculator" that was the first of the Model 700 line that dominated main frame computers for the next decade
1955 - IBM introduced the 702 business computer; Watson on the cover of Time magazine March 28
1956 - Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed by Harry Huskey of NBS
1959 - General Electric Corporation delivered its Electronic Recording Machine Accounting (ERMA) computing system to the Bank of America in California; based on a design by SRI, the ERMA system employed Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) as the means to capture data from the checks and introduced automation in banking that continued with ATM machines in 1974
3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) - IC
1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit in Feb. 1959; Kilby had made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958; Robert Noyce at Fairchild used planar process to make connections of components within a silicon IC in early 1959; the first commercial product using IC was the hearing aid in Dec. 1963; General Instrument made LSI chip (100+ components) for Hammond organs 1968
1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system for American Airlines; IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit character word length (a "byte") that was pioneered in the 7030 of April 1961 that grew out of the AF contract of Oct. 1958 following Sputnik to develop transistor computers for BMEWS
1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, named after the mini-skirt; DEC was founded in 1957 by Kenneth H. Olsen who came for the SAGE project at MIT and began sales of the PDP-1 in 1960
1969 - Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD
1971 - Intel produced large scale integrated (LSI) circuits that were used in the digital delay line, the first digital audio device
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor
1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor; Ted Hoff at Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004, a VSLI of 2300 components, for the Japanese company Busicom to create a single chip for a calculator; IBM introduced the first 8-inch "memory disk", as it was called then, or the "floppy disk" later; Hoffmann-La Roche patented the passive LCD display for calculators and watches; in November Intel announced the first microcomputer, the MCS-4; Nolan Bushnell designed the first commercial arcade video game "Computer Space"
1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors; Gary Kildall wrote his Control Program/Microprocessor (CP/M) disk operating system to provide instructions for floppy disk drives to work with the 8080 processor. He offered it to Intel, but was turned down, so he sold it on his own, and soon CP/M was the standard operating system for 8-bit microcomputers; Bushnell created Atari and introduced the successful "Pong" game
1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester" after the rifle company, using two 30 Mb platters; Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC created Ethernet as the basis for a local area network, and later founded 3COM
1974 - Xerox developed the Alto workstation at PARC, with a monitor, a graphical user interface, a mouse, and an ethernet card for networking
1975 - the Altair personal computer is sold in kit form, and influenced Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer; Alan Shugart introduced the 5.25-inch floppy disk
1977 - Nintendo in Japan began to make computer games that stored the data on chips inside a game cartridge that sold for around $40 but only cost a few dollars to manufacture. It introduced its most popular game "Donkey Kong" in 1981, Super Mario Bros in 1985
1978 - Visicalc spreadsheet software was written by Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston
1979 - Micropro released Wordstar that set the standard for word processing software
1980 - IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's new PC model. Microsoft paid $25,000 to Seattle Computer for the rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and Microsoft began its climb to become the dominant computer company in the world.
1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24.
1987 - Bill Atkinson of Apple Computers created a software program called HyperCard that was bundled free with all Macintosh computers. This program for the first time made hypertext popular and useable to a wide number of people. Ted Nelson coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 based on the pre-computer ideas of Vannevar Bush published in his "As We May Think" article in the July 1945 issue of The Atlantic Monthly.
5. Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond)
1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and released by CERN.
1993 - The first Web browser called Mosaic was created by student Marc Andreesen and programmer Eric Bina at NCSA in the first 3 months of 1993. The beta version 0.5 of X Mosaic for UNIX was released Jan. 23 1993 and was instant success. The PC and Mac versions of Mosaic followed quickly in 1993. Mosaic was the first software to interpret a new IMG tag, and to display graphics along with text. Berners-Lee objected to the IMG tag, considered it frivolous, but image display became one of the most used features of the Web. The Web grew fast because the infrastructure was already in place: the Internet, desktop PC, home modems connected to online services such as AOL and Compuserve
1994 - Netscape Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994, and was given away free, soon gaining 75% of world browser market.
1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally released the much imporoved browser Explorer 3.0 in the summer.
Source: http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/computer1.html
Tags: evolution of computer
First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
Second Generation Computers (1954-1959) - transistor
Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC
Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor
Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond)
--------------------------------
1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
1937 - John V. Atanasoff designed the first digital electronic computer
1939 - Atanasoff and Clifford Berry demonstrate in Nov. the ABC prototype
1941 - Konrad Zuse in Germany developed in secret the Z3
1943 - In Britain, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchley Park to decode German messages
1944 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark I mechanical computer for the Navy
1945 - John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built ENIAC at U of PA for the U.S. Army
1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from National Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output, renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but run out of money, formed in Dec. 1947 the new company Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC).
1948 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark III electronic computer with 5000 tubes
1948 - U of Manchester in Britain developed the SSEM Baby electronic computer with CRT memory
1949 - Mauchly and Eckert in March successfully tested the BINAC stored-program computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive magentic tape drive; Remington Rand bought EMCC Feb. 1950 and provided funds to finish UNIVAC
1950- Commander William C. Norris led Engineering Research Associates to develop the Atlas, based on the secret code-breaking computers used by the Navy in WWII; the Atlas was 38 feet long, 20 feet wide, and used 2700 vacuum tubes
1951 - S. A. Lebedev developed the MESM computer in Russia
1951 - Remington Rand successfully tested UNIVAC March 30, 1951, and announced to the public its sale to the Census Bureau June 14, 1951, the first commercial computer to feature a magnetic tape storage system, the eight UNISERVO tape drives that stood separate from the CPU and control console on the other side of a garage-size room. Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second. The complete UNIVAC system weighed 29,000 pounds, included 5200 vacuum tubes, and an offline typewriter-printer UNIPRINTER with an attached metal tape drive. Later, a punched card-to-tape machine was added to read IBM 80-column and Remington Rand 90-column cards.
1952 - Remington Rand bought the ERA in Dec. 1951 and combined the UNIVAC product line in 1952: the ERA 1101 computer became the UNIVAC 1101. The UNIVAC I was used in November to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the prediction.
1954 - The SAGE aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built. It began in 1954 at MIT's Lincoln Lab with funding from the Air Force. The first of 23 Direction Centers went online in Nov. 1956, and the last in 1962. Each Center had two 55,000-tube computers built by IBM, MIT, AND Bell Labs. The 275-ton computers known as "Clyde" were based on Jay Forrester's Whirlwind I and had magnetic core memory, magentic drum and magnetic tape storage. The Centers were connected by an early network, and pioneered development of the modem and graphics display.
2.Second Generation Computers (1954 -1959) - transistor
Tom Watson, Jr.
1950 - National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) with 10,000 newly developed germanium diodes in its logic circuits, and the first magnetic disk drive designed by Jacob Rabinow
1953 - Tom Watson, Jr., led IBM to introduce the model 604 computer, its first with transistors, that became the basis of the model 608 of 1957, the first solid-state computer for the commercial market. Transistors were expensive at first, cost $8 vs. $.75 for a vacuum tube. But Watson was impressed with the new transistor radios and gave them to his engineers to study. IBM also developed the 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator, the first by IBM to use magnetic drum memory rather punched cards, and began shipment of the 701 scientific "Defense Calculator" that was the first of the Model 700 line that dominated main frame computers for the next decade
1955 - IBM introduced the 702 business computer; Watson on the cover of Time magazine March 28
1956 - Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed by Harry Huskey of NBS
1959 - General Electric Corporation delivered its Electronic Recording Machine Accounting (ERMA) computing system to the Bank of America in California; based on a design by SRI, the ERMA system employed Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) as the means to capture data from the checks and introduced automation in banking that continued with ATM machines in 1974
3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) - IC
1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit in Feb. 1959; Kilby had made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958; Robert Noyce at Fairchild used planar process to make connections of components within a silicon IC in early 1959; the first commercial product using IC was the hearing aid in Dec. 1963; General Instrument made LSI chip (100+ components) for Hammond organs 1968
1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system for American Airlines; IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit character word length (a "byte") that was pioneered in the 7030 of April 1961 that grew out of the AF contract of Oct. 1958 following Sputnik to develop transistor computers for BMEWS
1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, named after the mini-skirt; DEC was founded in 1957 by Kenneth H. Olsen who came for the SAGE project at MIT and began sales of the PDP-1 in 1960
1969 - Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD
1971 - Intel produced large scale integrated (LSI) circuits that were used in the digital delay line, the first digital audio device
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor
1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor; Ted Hoff at Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004, a VSLI of 2300 components, for the Japanese company Busicom to create a single chip for a calculator; IBM introduced the first 8-inch "memory disk", as it was called then, or the "floppy disk" later; Hoffmann-La Roche patented the passive LCD display for calculators and watches; in November Intel announced the first microcomputer, the MCS-4; Nolan Bushnell designed the first commercial arcade video game "Computer Space"
1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors; Gary Kildall wrote his Control Program/Microprocessor (CP/M) disk operating system to provide instructions for floppy disk drives to work with the 8080 processor. He offered it to Intel, but was turned down, so he sold it on his own, and soon CP/M was the standard operating system for 8-bit microcomputers; Bushnell created Atari and introduced the successful "Pong" game
1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester" after the rifle company, using two 30 Mb platters; Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC created Ethernet as the basis for a local area network, and later founded 3COM
1974 - Xerox developed the Alto workstation at PARC, with a monitor, a graphical user interface, a mouse, and an ethernet card for networking
1975 - the Altair personal computer is sold in kit form, and influenced Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer; Alan Shugart introduced the 5.25-inch floppy disk
1977 - Nintendo in Japan began to make computer games that stored the data on chips inside a game cartridge that sold for around $40 but only cost a few dollars to manufacture. It introduced its most popular game "Donkey Kong" in 1981, Super Mario Bros in 1985
1978 - Visicalc spreadsheet software was written by Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston
1979 - Micropro released Wordstar that set the standard for word processing software
1980 - IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's new PC model. Microsoft paid $25,000 to Seattle Computer for the rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and Microsoft began its climb to become the dominant computer company in the world.
1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24.
1987 - Bill Atkinson of Apple Computers created a software program called HyperCard that was bundled free with all Macintosh computers. This program for the first time made hypertext popular and useable to a wide number of people. Ted Nelson coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 based on the pre-computer ideas of Vannevar Bush published in his "As We May Think" article in the July 1945 issue of The Atlantic Monthly.
5. Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond)
1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and released by CERN.
1993 - The first Web browser called Mosaic was created by student Marc Andreesen and programmer Eric Bina at NCSA in the first 3 months of 1993. The beta version 0.5 of X Mosaic for UNIX was released Jan. 23 1993 and was instant success. The PC and Mac versions of Mosaic followed quickly in 1993. Mosaic was the first software to interpret a new IMG tag, and to display graphics along with text. Berners-Lee objected to the IMG tag, considered it frivolous, but image display became one of the most used features of the Web. The Web grew fast because the infrastructure was already in place: the Internet, desktop PC, home modems connected to online services such as AOL and Compuserve
1994 - Netscape Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994, and was given away free, soon gaining 75% of world browser market.
1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally released the much imporoved browser Explorer 3.0 in the summer.
Source: http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/computer1.html
Tags: evolution of computer
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